Editing Modafinil (section)

===Occupational===
{{See also|List of psychoactive drugs used by militaries}}

Modafinil was used during the [[Gulf War]] by the [[French Foreign Legion]],<ref name="pmid30174215" /> the [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]],<ref name="pmid34632515">{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Puyvelde M, Van Cutsem J, Lacroix E, Pattyn N | title = A State-of-the-Art Review on the Use of Modafinil as a Performance-enhancing Drug in the Context of Military Operationality | journal = Military Medicine | volume = 187 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 52–64 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 34632515 | doi = 10.1093/milmed/usab398 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref><ref name="Brunye-2020">{{cite journal|vauthors=Brunyé TT, Brou R, Doty TJ|title=A Review of US Army Research Contributing to Cognitive Enhancement in Military Contexts|journal=J Cogn Enhanc|volume=4 |issue= 4|pages=453–468|year=2020|doi=10.1007/s41465-020-00167-3|s2cid=256621326 }}</ref> and [[United States Marine Corps|US Marine]]<ref name="Go Pills for Black Shoes?">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gonzalez J | url = https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2017/july/go-pills-black-shoes | title = Go Pills for Black Shoes? | journal = U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings | date = July 2017 | volume = 143 | issue = 7/1,373 | access-date = December 3, 2023 | archive-date = December 3, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231203140637/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2017/july/go-pills-black-shoes | url-status = live }}</ref> infantry to enhance "operational tempo" (a term that denotes the speed and intensity at which military operations or activities are executed), aiming to optimize the overall performance and efficiency of the units.<ref name="Brunye-2020" /><ref name="pmid16018329">{{cite journal | vauthors = Caldwell JA, Caldwell JL | title = Fatigue in military aviation: an overview of US military-approved pharmacological countermeasures | journal = Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine | volume = 76 | issue = 7 Suppl | pages = C39–C51 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16018329 }}</ref><ref name="guardian2004">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/jul/29/health.sciencenews | title=MoD bought thousands of stay awake pills in advance of war in Iraq | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=July 29, 2004 | vauthors=Sample I, Evans R | access-date=December 2, 2023 | archive-date=December 2, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202042216/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/jul/29/health.sciencenews | url-status=live }}</ref>

Armed forces in various countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, India, and France, have considered modafinil as an alternative to traditional [[Substituted amphetamine|amphetamines]] for managing sleep deprivation in combat or extended missions.<ref name="Martin-2003">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2003/11/sleep/|title=It's Wake-Up Time|vauthors=Martin R|date=November 1, 2003|magazine=Wired|access-date=May 23, 2019|issn=1059-1028|archive-date=October 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017212750/https://www.wired.com/2003/11/sleep/|url-status=live}}</ref> The US military approved modafinil for specific Air Force missions, replacing amphetamines for fatigue management.<ref name="Air Force Special Operations Command Instruction 48–101-2012">{{cite web | title = Air Force Special Operations Command Instruction 48–101 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202141/http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/afsoc/publication/afi11-202v3_afsocsup/afi11-202v3_afsocsup.pdf | archive-date= April 10, 2018 | quote = (sects. 1.7.4), U.S. Air Force Special Operations Command | date = November 30, 2012 | url = http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/afsoc/publication/afi11-202v3_afsocsup/afi11-202v3_afsocsup.pdf }}</ref> The use of modafinil in military contexts without sleep deprivation is not recommended due to inconclusive evidence on its cognitive enhancement benefits and potential risks of adverse effects.<ref name="pmid34632515" />

Modafinil is also available to astronauts aboard the International Space Station for the management of fatigue caused by circadian dyssynchrony in orbit.<ref name="pmid19487390">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thirsk R, Kuipers A, Mukai C, Williams D | title = The space-flight environment: the International Space Station and beyond | journal = CMAJ | volume = 180 | issue = 12 | pages = 1216–1220 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19487390 | pmc = 2691437 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.081125 }}</ref>