Editing Mixed-member proportional representation (section)

==List of countries==
=== Countries with MMP ===
The following countries currently have MMP representation. Countries which nominally use or have used MMP, but in practice had highly disproportional representation or it as otherwise not implemented are discussed in the next section.
{| class="wikitable"
!Country
!Legislative body
!Use
!Number of votes (personal and list)
!Notes
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Bolivia}}''' '''[[Elections in Bolivia|Bolivia]]'''
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|1994–present
|Two votes
|The list ballots use a [[double simultaneous vote|double (triple) simultaneous vote]] with the presidential and Senate election,{{sfnm |1a1=Mayorga |1y=1997 |2a1=Mayorga |2y=2001 |2p=194}} which is presumed to decrease tactical manipulation despite the separate candidate and list vote{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}. The latest elections had a highly proportional result.
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|Germany}}''' '''[[Elections in Germany|Germany]]'''
|[[State parliaments of Germany|State parliaments]], except

* '''{{Flagicon|Bremen}}''' [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]],
* '''{{Flagicon|Hamburg}}''' [[Hamburg]]
* '''{{Flagicon|Saarland}}''' [[Saarland]]
|''varies by state''
|''varies by state''
|[[Bavaria]] uniquely uses an [[Open list|open-list]] system for its party-list seats. [[Baden-Württemberg]] used [[Zweitmandat|MMP without lists]] prior to 2022.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Elections in Lesotho|Lesotho]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly]]
| rowspan="2" |2002–present
|Two votes (before 2012)
| rowspan="2" |Initially used two vote version, changed to the single vote version in 2012 due to the use of [[#Splitting parties|decoy lists]], results have been relatively proportional since.
|-
|Single vote
|-
|'''{{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Elections in New Zealand|New Zealand]]''' 
|[[New Zealand House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|1996–present
|Two votes
|Following a long [[Electoral reform in New Zealand|electoral reform process]], beginning with the [[Royal Commission on the Electoral System]] in 1985 and ending with the [[1993 New Zealand voting method referendum|1993 referendum on the voting system]]. It was first used in an [[1996 New Zealand general election|election in 1996]]. The system's use was [[2011 New Zealand voting system referendum|reviewed by referendum]] in November 2011, with the majority (56.17%) voting to keep it. In [[2020 New Zealand general election|2020 general election]], the Labour Party won 65 out of 120 seats, becoming the first party under MMP to receive a majority.
Though not all overhang seats are perfectly compensated for, New Zealand is widely considered to be a typical example of mixed-member proportional representation due to the high proportionality of the system (disregarding the electoral threshold).
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}}''' '''[[Elections in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]'''
|'''{{Flagicon|Scotland}}''' '''[[Elections in Scotland|Scotland]]''' - [[Scottish Parliament]]
|1999–present
|Two votes<ref name="ers-ams-explainer">{{cite web |title=Additional Member System |url=https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/additional-member-system/ |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=www.electoral-reform.org.uk}}</ref>
|Referred to as the [[Additional Member System (UK)|additional member system]]. Scotland is divided into regions.
|-
|Local elections in

* '''{{Flagicon|London}}''' [[London]] ([[London Assembly|Assembly]])
|2000–present
|Two votes<ref name="ers-ams-explainer" />
|Referred to as the additional member system.
|}

=== Other countries ===
MMP replaced (modified):

* '''{{Flagicon|Germany}}''' '''[[Elections in Germany|Germany]]''': Referred to as ''personalized proportional representation'' (see [[electoral system of Germany]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Voting System |url=https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/topics/constitution/electoral-law/voting-system/voting-system-node.html |website=BMI |publisher=Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building & Community}}</ref> Came about in 1949 as a result of inter-party bargaining.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krennerich |first1=Michael |title=Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System |url=https://aceproject.org/regions-en/countries-and-territories/DE/case-studies/germany-the-original-mixed-member-proportional-system |website=ACE Project |publisher=The Electoral Knowledge Network}}</ref> Originally used single vote version, switched to two vote version before the 1953 election. Levelling seats were established for the [[2013 German federal election|2013 federal election]] after a ruling of [[Federal Constitutional Court]], with a minor modification for the [[2021 German federal election|2021 federal election]] to reduce the size of the Bundestag. The system was recently modified to an essentially (non-mixed) closed list proportional system with a local constituency vote to eliminate the need for overhang seats. In the new system, the number of seats a party can win is capped, if they "won" more seats by plurality, not all of their winners will be elected.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schorkopf |first=Frank |date=2023-03-24 |title=Abschied von Adenauer oder weshalb die Wahlrechtsreform ein Verfassungsrechtsproblem ist |url=https://verfassungsblog.de/abschied-von-adenauer-oder-weshalb-die-wahlrechtsreform-ein-verfassungsrechtsproblem-ist/ |journal=Verfassungsblog |language=de-DE |doi=10.17176/20230324-185228-0}}</ref>
* '''{{Flagicon|Wales}}[[Elections in Wales|Wales]]''' - [[Senedd (Welsh Parliament)]]: Wales has used AMS since 1999 with 40 constituency seats, and 20 list seats in 5 regions, however, starting in 2026, the [[Additional-member system|additional member system]] will be replaced by a [[closed-list]] [[party-list proportional representation|proportional representation]] system following the approval of the [[Senedd Reform Bill]], which will also increase the total number of seats from 60, to 96.

There are several other countries which attempted to introduce MMP by [[Seat linkage mixed system|seat linkage compensation]], but either not enough leveling seats were provided to achieve it, or the compensation mechanism was manipulated by decoy lists.

* '''{{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Elections in Albania|Albania]] (formerly):''' A two-vote seat linkage compensation electoral system for the [[Parliament of Albania|Parliament]] (Kuvendi) was used from 2001 to [[2005 Albanian parliamentary election|2005]] (after having used [[parallel voting]] in the 1996 and 1997 elections), but it was manipulated with decoy lists.{{sfnm |1a1=Gallagher |1y=2011 |1p=185 |2a1=Gallagher |2y=2014 |2p=18}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Lublin |first=David |title=Albania |url=http://www.electionpassport.com/electoral-systems/albania/ |access-date=24 March 2016 |website=Election Passport |publisher=American University}}</ref>
* '''{{Flagicon|Tigray}}''' '''[[Tigray Region|Tigray]]''' State Council in [[Elections in Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]: a General Election was supposed to be held in [[Ethiopia]] on 29 August 2020, but they were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2020 |title=NEBE Says Impossible To Hold Election As Per Scheduled Due To COVID-19 |url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/nebe-says-impossible-to-hold-election-as-per-scheduled-due-to-covid-19/ |access-date=31 March 2020 |work=fanabc.com}}</ref> But the government of [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] dismissed the postponement and decided to create its own electoral commission and hold a regional election. On August 6, 2020, the State Council of [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] decided to amend its constitution and change the electoral system to MMP, this will affect the upcoming regional elections. The amendment increases the number of seats in the council from 152 to 190 (+38), 80% of the seats will be filled with first-past-the-post voting and the rest 20% by proportional voting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2020 |title=ባይቶ ትግራይ፡ ሕገመንግስታዊ ምምሕያሽ ብምግባር 38 መናብር ወሲኹ |url=https://www.bbc.com/tigrinya/news-53679868/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |work=bbc.com}}</ref> This Tigray National Regional States law is annulled by [[House of Federation]] which is empowered to interpret the constitution for violation of the provisions of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.<ref>Toward an End to Ethiopia’s Federal-Tigray Feud https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/b160-toward-end-ethiopias-federal-tigray-feud</ref>
* '''{{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Legislative elections in South Korea|Republic of Korea]] (South Korea):''' From 2019 elections for the [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] used a two-vote hybrid system with 253 single-member constituency seats, 17 supplementary seats (a la [[parallel voting]]) and 30 compensatory seats (seat linkage). Major parties used decoy lists to neutralize compensation. Though all list seats are compensatory since 2024, but widespread use of decoy lists is expected continue and mixed-member proportional representation is not to be achieved.
* '''{{Flagicon|Romania}}''' '''[[Elections in Romania|Romania]] (formerly):''' Single vote system used in 2008 and 2012 where local candidates who did not win at least 50% of votes in their districts did not get a direct mandate, but these seats were added to the list seats allocated proportionally. Failed to achieve mixed-member proportional representation in 2012. From the [[2016 Romanian legislative election|2016 elections]], [[Closed list|closed]] [[party-list proportional representation]] was used instead.<ref name="ro2016">{{cite web |last=Filimon |first=Paul |date=20 July 2015 |title=Legea ALEGERILOR PARLAMENTARE pe LISTE, promulgată de Iohannis |url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/politica/institutii/legea-algerilor-parlamentare-pe-liste--promulgata-de-iohannis-386442 |work=România Liberă |language=ro}}</ref>
* '''{{Flagicon|Thailand}}''' '''[[Elections in Thailand|Thailand]]''' (formerly): A single vote seat linkage system referred to as "mixed-member apportionment" was used in 2019. It used a [[mixed single vote]] for both the constituency and the party list. The 350 constituency seats are won by [[first-past-the-post voting]] as in previous elections. However, the 150 party-list seats served a [[Mixed electoral system#Compensatory/non-compensatory seat allocation|compensatory]] function, and are allocated so as to give each party a total number of seats proportional to the nationwide number of votes they received (top-up).<ref>{{cite news |author1=Bangkok Pundit |date=10 February 2016 |title=The effects of Thailand's proposed electoral system |url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/02/the-effects-of-thailands-proposed-electoral-system/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605025006/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/02/the-effects-of-thailands-proposed-electoral-system/ |archive-date=5 June 2019 |access-date=24 March 2019 |work=Asian Correspondent}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kendall |first1=Dave |date=6 January 2019 |title=Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1605898/explainer-new-rules-for-the-house-of-representatives |access-date=24 March 2019 |work=Bangkok Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Bangkok Pundit |date=10 February 2016 |title=The effects of Thailand's proposed electoral system |url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/02/the-effects-of-thailands-proposed-electoral-system/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605025006/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/02/the-effects-of-thailands-proposed-electoral-system/ |archive-date=5 June 2019 |access-date=29 March 2019 |work=Asian Correspondent}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kendall |first1=Dave |date=6 January 2019 |title=Explainer: New rules for the House of Representatives |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/1605898/explainer-new-rules-for-the-house-of-representatives |access-date=29 March 2019 |work=Bangkok Post}}</ref> Overhang seats were not compensated for. The next elections were again held under parallel voting due to a change in the constitution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=With Eye to Next Election, Thai Government Tweaks Voting Rules |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/with-eye-to-next-election-thai-government-tweaks-election-rules/}}</ref>
* '''{{Flagicon|Venezuela}}''' '''[[Elections in Venezuela|Venezuela]]''' (formerly): The two vote seat linkage compensatory system introduced was designed to provide MMP, but the system was manipulated with decoy lists. The seat linkage between list and constituency representatives was removed in 2009, which changed the system to parallel voting.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
Countries with systems which have been confused with mixed-member proportional representation:

* '''{{Flagicon|Hungary}}''' '''Hungary:''' Hungary was using a mixed system since the 1990s, that due to its partially compensatory nature has been sometimes inaccurately referred to as an MMP system, but it was a [[Mixed-member majoritarian representation|mixed majoritarian system]], mostly independent combination of [[Two-round system|two-round voting]] and party-list PR. Changes after 2010 have made the system more clearly [[Mixed-member majoritarian representation|mixed-member majoritarian]].
* '''{{Flagicon|Mexico}}''' '''Mexico:''' Mexico has a clearly [[Mixed-member majoritarian representation|mixed-member majoritarian]] system which is mostly parallel voting, however, there is a cap on how many seats any single party may get and a cap on the maximum difference of seat shares to the list vote share result. This makes it partially ([[Conditional electoral system|conditionally]]) compensatory, but not MMP.

==== Local ====

* '''{{Flagicon|South Africa}} [[Elections in South Africa|South Africa]]:''' Local elections in all [[Municipalities of South Africa|municipalities]] designated as metropolitan, district/county council (DC) or local/borough council (LC)<ref>{{cite news |title=Election Types |url=https://www.elections.org.za/content/Elections/Election-types/ |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref>

===Proposals for use===
====Canada====
{{see also|Electoral reform in Canada}}

In March 2004, the [[Law Commission of Canada]] proposed a system of MMP,{{sfn|Law Commission of Canada|2004}} with only 33% of MPs elected from regional open lists, for the [[House of Commons of Canada]]<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.elections.ca/res/eim/article_search/article.asp?id=129&lang=e |title=A Mixed-Member Proportional System Applied to the 2004 Election|author1-link=Henry Milner (political scientist)|last=Milner|first=Henry|date=January 2005|publisher=Elections Canada On-Line |work=Electoral Insight}}</ref> but Parliament's consideration of the Report in 2004–05 was stopped after the 2006 election. The [[New Democratic Party]] has been a longtime supporter of MMP. The [[Green Party of Canada]] has generally been a staunch supporter of a move to a [[Proportional representation|proportional]] electoral system. In June 2016, the [[Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform]] was formed to examine potential changes to the voting system with MMP being one of the options examined. The committee presented its report to Parliament on 1 December of the same year. In early 2017, the Government announced that it would accept only some of the committee's recommendations, and would not pursue the issue of electoral reform any further.<ref name="G&M reform abandon">{{Cite news |title=Trudeau abandons electoral reform, breaking key campaign promise |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trudeau-abandons-electoral-reform/article33855925/ |access-date=2017-02-06 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |language=en-ca}}</ref><ref name="cbc response story">{{cite news |last1=Wherry |first1=Aaron |date=April 4, 2017 |title=Liberals say no to mandatory and online voting |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/liberals-mandatory-online-voting-1.4054412 |access-date=April 4, 2017 |work=CBC News}}</ref>

* '''Prince Edward Island:''' A proposal to adopt MMP with closed province-wide lists for elections to the [[Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island]] was defeated in a [[2005 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum|referendum]] in 2005, and in [[2019 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum|a subsequent referendum]] in 2019. In a non-binding [[2016 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum|plebiscite]] between 27 October and 7 November 2016, Prince Edward Islanders voted for MMP over FPTP in the final round of counting, 52%–43%; however, the provincial government, despite having set no [[voter turnout]] threshold, subsequently claimed that the 36 percent turnout was insufficient to change the electoral system.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bradley |first1=Susan |date=7 November 2016 |title=P.E.I. plebiscite favours mixed member proportional representation |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/mixed-member-proportional-representation-in-plebiscite-1.3840172 |access-date=7 April 2017 |work=CBC News}}</ref> A [[2019 Prince Edward Island electoral reform referendum|second referendum]], held simultaneously with the [[2019 Prince Edward Island general election|provincial election]], saw MMP rejected by a margin of 48% in favor to 52% against, with 76% turnout.
* '''Ontario:''' In 2007, the [[Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform (Ontario)|Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, also recommended the use of MMP in future elections to the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]], with a ballot similar to New Zealand's, and with the closed province-wide lists used in New Zealand but with only 30% compensatory members. [[2007 Ontario electoral reform referendum|A binding referendum]] on the proposal, held in conjunction with the [[2007 Ontario provincial election|provincial election]] on 10 October 2007, saw it defeated.<ref>For further details on the recent proposals in Ontario, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island, see Andre Barnes and James R. Robertson, ''[http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/prb0417-e.htm Electoral Reform Initiatives in Canadian Provinces]'', Library of Parliament, revised 18 August 2009.</ref>
* '''British Columbia:''' During October–December 2018, [[British Columbia]] [[2018 British Columbia electoral reform referendum|held a referendum]] on proportional representation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections BC - 2018 Referendum on Electoral Reform |url=https://elections.bc.ca/referendum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116023902/https://elections.bc.ca/referendum/ |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref> promised as part of the election platform of the [[BC NDP|British Columbia New Democratic Party]] who took office following the [[2017 British Columbia general election|May 2017 provincial election]]. In the referendum citizens were presented with two questions. The first question asked them to choose whether they would like to keep [[first-past-the-post voting]] or change to [[proportional representation]]. The second question asked them to rank three types of proportional voting systems in order of preference; one of those was MMP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections BC - Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) |url=https://elections.bc.ca/referendum/voting-systems/mixed-member-proportional-mmp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093857/https://elections.bc.ca/referendum/voting-systems/mixed-member-proportional-mmp/ |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref> Citizens could still rank the voting systems even if they selected [[first-past-the-post voting]] in the first question. According to official results, voters chose FPTP over PR by 61.3% to 38.7% on the first question. While the first question was not successful for PR, the second question resulted in MMP winning over the two other systems on the ballot. If PR had been successful on the first question, MMP would have been adopted in time for the next provincial election and would have been subject to a second referendum after two election cycles.
* '''Quebec:''' In September 2019, Quebec's government, supported by two of the three opposition parties (PQ and Quebec Solidaire), introduced a [[43rd Quebec general election#Electoral reform referendum|referendum]] on MMP to be held in 2022. However, on April 28, 2021, Justice Minister [[Sonia LeBel]] informed a legislative committee hearing that the government would not move forward with a referendum on electoral reform in 2022. LeBel blamed the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec|COVID-19 pandemic]] for altering the government's timeline and could not or would not commit to providing an alternate date for the referendum, effectively ending discussions about electoral reform in Quebec.<ref name="EndOfReform">{{cite news |last=Montpetit |first=Jonathan |date=April 28, 2021 |title=Quebec backtracks on promise, no referendum on electoral reform in 2022 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-electoral-reform-referendum-2022-1.6005897 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428204943/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-electoral-reform-referendum-2022-1.6005897 |archive-date=April 28, 2021 |access-date=April 28, 2021 |work=CBC Montreal}}</ref>

==== Other countries ====
* '''Costa Rica:''' Costa Rica was debating the switch from the current [[closed party list]] [[proportional representation]] system to a mixed member proportional representation based on the [[Elections in Germany#Election system|German model]]. The bill presented by the Citizen Power Now movement and endorsed by the majority of parliamentary groups would create two types of deputies; 42 elected proportionally by lists presented by the political parties and would be called "national" deputies, while another 42 deputies would be elected directly by population-based [[electoral district]]s on a [[First pass the post|First past the post]] basis.<ref name="poder">{{cite news|last1=Ramírez|first1=Alexander|title=Grupo propone aumentar a 84 el número de diputados|url=https://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/grupo-propone-aumentar-a-84-el-numero-de-diputados/|agency=CRHoy|date= 2016}}</ref> As the bill requires a constitutional reform it would require a two-thirds majority of votes, however as of 2019 the caucuses of the four main parties supported the reform.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carmona |first1=Fiorella |title=Congreso se acerca al cambio en sistema de elección de diputados |url=https://www.pulsocr.com/congreso-se-acerca-al-cambio-en-sistema-de-eleccion-de-diputados/ |access-date=28 March 2019 |agency=Revista Pulso |date=29 March 2019}}</ref>
* '''Hungary:''' In 2017, the Common Country Movement (KOM) proposed introducing seat linkage to achieve MMP in the National Assembly, but the bill brought to parliament by five opposition parties was dismissed by the governing coalition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-16 |title=Itt a Közös Ország új választójogi tervezete |trans-title=Here is the new Electoral Bill of the Common Country |url=http://index.hu/belfold/2017/10/16/kozos_orszag_mozgalom_valasztojogi_reform/ |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=[[Index.hu]] |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2017. évi törvény az országgyűlési képviselők választásáról |trans-title=Act of 2017 on the election of members of parliament |url=https://4cdn.hu/kraken/raw/upload/74XL5b7V8nhA.pdf |website=4cdn.hu |language=hu}}</ref>

* '''Sri Lanka:''' In September 2015, [[Sri Lanka]]n Foreign Minister [[Mangala Samaraweera]] announced that they will change the country's system to MMP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/32423/new-electoral-system-based-on-german-model-mangala|title=New electoral system based on German Model - Mangala|website=www.adaderana.lk}}</ref>

* '''South Africa:''' The Van Zyl Slabbert Commission on Electoral Reform (published in January 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Zyl Slabbert |first=Frederik |title=Report of the Electoral Task Team |url=https://pmg.org.za/files/Van-Zyl-Slabbert_Commission_Report.pdf |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=Parliamentary Monitoring Group}}</ref> recommended that a multi-member system, which has been adopted for municipal elections, be expanded to elections for the [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]. It proposed that 300 of 400 members be elected from closed-constituency lists (from 69 national multi-member constituencies) and 100 members from closed, national-level party lists. Parliament's High Level Panel report of 2017, chaired by former president [[Kgalema Motlanthe]], validated the Van Zyl Slabbert mixed-system and recommended its adoption, stating: "Such a system will serve to limit the power of individual party leaders and encourage MPs to vote in accordance with the needs and desires of their constituencies rather than only following party lines".<ref>{{Cite web |last=High Level Panel on the Assessment of Key Legislation and the Acceleration of Fundamental Change |date=November 2017 |title=Report of the High Level Panel on the Assessment of Key Legislation and the Acceleration of Fundamental Change |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/Pages/2017/october/High_Level_Panel/HLP_Report/HLP_report.pdf}}</ref> Although a constitutional amendment is not required, and a simple majority in parliament can amend the Electoral Act (No. 73 of 1998) it seems unlikely that such an amendment will come before parliament before the 2019 General Elections. A former MP, Michael Louis, who wishes to stand as an independent, is actively pursuing a judicial route to force an amendment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/can-independents-run-for-national-sa-elections-concourt-says-yes-20180824|title=Can independents run for national SA elections? ConCourt says yes|first=Paul|last=Herman|website=News24}}</ref> The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) has stated that it is not opposed to an amendment but there is simply not enough time to implement it in time for the 2019 elections. After the [[Constitutional Court of South Africa]] declared the Electoral Act unconstitutional in 2020 because there was no way for independent candidates to be elected and in 2021, [[Minister of Home Affairs (South Africa)|Home Affairs Minister]] [[Aaron Motsoaledi]] told [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] that a new electoral system must be put in place, calls for MMP intensified and a Motsoaledi-appointed, [[Valli Moosa]]-led ministerial advisory committee was formed to determine the new system.

==== European Union (European Parliament) ====
The pan-European party [[Volt Europa|VOLT Europa]] proposes transnational mixed-member proportional representation with the combination of [[Majority judgment|Majority Judgment]] and [[Party-list proportional representation|party-list PR]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Volt's Electoral Reform Policy: Making Europe More Democratic |url=https://assets.volteuropa.org/2021-12/Electoral%20Reform%20Policy%20October%202021.pdf}}</ref>