Editing Microfluidics (section)

=== Paper-based microfluidics ===
{{Main|Paper-based microfluidics}}
Paper-based microfluidic devices are proposed to provide portable, cheap, and user-friendly medical diagnostic systems.<ref name=":03">{{cite book|title=Open Microfluidics| vauthors = Berthier J, Brakke KA, Berthier E |date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|isbn=9781118720936|pages=229–256|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118720936.ch7}}</ref> 
Paper based microfluidics rely on the phenomenon of capillary penetration in porous media.<ref name=porous>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu M, Suo S, Wu J, Gan Y, Ah Hanaor D, Chen CQ | title = Tailoring porous media for controllable capillary flow | journal = Journal of Colloid and Interface Science | volume = 539 | pages = 379–387 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30594833 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.068 | arxiv = 2106.03526 | s2cid = 58553777 | bibcode = 2019JCIS..539..379L }}</ref> To tune fluid penetration in porous substrates such as paper in two and three dimensions, the pore structure, wettability and geometry of the microfluidic devices can be controlled while the viscosity and evaporation rate of the liquid play a further significant role. Many such devices feature hydrophobic barriers on hydrophilic paper that passively transport aqueous solutions to outlets where biological reactions take place.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YQlDwAAQBAJ&q=Microfabrication+Techniques+for+Microfluidic+Devices+Silverio&pg=PA24|title=Complex Fluid-Flows in Microfluidics| vauthors = Galindo-Rosales FJ |date=2017-05-26|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319595931|language=en}}</ref> Paper-based microfluidics are considered as portable point-of-care biosensors used in a remote setting where advanced medical diagnostic tools are not accessible.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Loo J, Ho A, Turner A, Mak WC | title = Integrated Printed Microfluidic Biosensors | journal = Trends in Biotechnology | volume = 37 | issue = 10 | pages = 1104–1120 | date = 2019 | pmid = 30992149 | doi = 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.03.009 | hdl = 1826/15985 | s2cid = 119536401 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Current applications include portable glucose detection<ref name=":52">{{cite journal | vauthors = Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Butte MJ, Whitesides GM | title = Patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays | journal = Angewandte Chemie | volume = 46 | issue = 8 | pages = 1318–1320 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17211899 | pmc = 3804133 | doi = 10.1002/anie.200603817 }}</ref> and environmental testing,<ref name=":72">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271508549|title=Smartphone Detection of Escherichia coli From Field Water Samples on Paper Microfluidics |journal=IEEE Sensors Journal| vauthors = Park TS, Yoon JY |s2cid=34581378 |date=2015-03-01 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=1902 |bibcode=2015ISenJ..15.1902P |doi=10.1109/JSEN.2014.2367039}}</ref> with hopes of reaching areas that lack advanced medical diagnostic tools.