Editing Mestizo (section)

====Genetic studies====
[[File:Genetic variation of mestizo populations in Latin America.PNG|thumb|Distribution of admixture estimates for individuals from [[Mexico City]] (left) and [[Quetalmahue]], Chile (right). The position of each dot on the triangle plot indicates the proportion of European, indigenous American and African ancestry estimated for each individual in the population.]]
A 2020 study published in ''Human Immunology'' analyzed the genetic diversity of the Mexican population through the HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) system, a set of genes involved in immune response. The findings confirm that the genetic composition of mestizos varies significantly across different regions of Mexico, reflecting the admixture patterns observed in previous studies. Specifically:

* Indigenous American ancestry is predominant in the southern region
* European ancestry is higher in the northern and western regions
* A low but significant African ancestry is present in certain areas

The study also highlights that genetic variation among Mexican populations has medical implications, affecting susceptibility to autoimmune and infectious diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barquera |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Hernández-Zaragoza |first2=Diana Iraíz |last3=Bravo-Acevedo |first3=Alicia |last4=Arrieta-Bolaños |first4=Esteban |last5=Clayton |first5=Stephen |last6=Acuña-Alonzo |first6=Víctor |last7=Martínez-Álvarez |first7=Julio César |last8=López-Gil |first8=Concepción |last9=Adalid-Sáinz |first9=Carmen |last10=Vega-Martínez |first10=María del Rosario |last11=Escobedo-Ruíz |first11=Araceli |last12=Juárez-Cortés |first12=Eva Dolores |last13=Immel |first13=Alexander |last14=Pacheco-Ubaldo |first14=Hanna |last15=González-Medina |first15=Liliana |date=September 2020 |title=The immunogenetic diversity of the HLA system in Mexico correlates with underlying population genetic structure |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2020.06.008 |journal=Human Immunology |volume=81 |issue=9 |pages=461–474 |doi=10.1016/j.humimm.2020.06.008 |pmid=32651014 |issn=0198-8859|hdl=21.11116/0000-0006-ACD5-8 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The biological diversity observed in contemporary Latin American populations reflects the region's complex demographic history, shaped by extensive geographic movements and social stratification among ancestral human groups. Previous studies have demonstrated that the geographic variation in admixture proportions reveals significant population structure, highlighting the lasting influence of historical demographic processes on the genomic diversity of Latin America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barquera |first=Rodrigo |last2=Hernández-Zaragoza |first2=Diana Iraíz |last3=Bravo-Acevedo |first3=Alicia |last4=Arrieta-Bolaños |first4=Esteban |last5=Clayton |first5=Stephen |last6=Acuña-Alonzo |first6=Víctor |last7=Martínez-Álvarez |first7=Julio César |last8=López-Gil |first8=Concepción |last9=Adalid-Sáinz |first9=Carmen |last10=Vega-Martínez |first10=María del Rosario |last11=Escobedo-Ruíz |first11=Araceli |last12=Juárez-Cortés |first12=Eva Dolores |last13=Immel |first13=Alexander |last14=Pacheco-Ubaldo |first14=Hanna |last15=González-Medina |first15=Liliana |date=2020-09-01 |title=The immunogenetic diversity of the HLA system in Mexico correlates with underlying population genetic structure |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0198885920303438?via=ihub |journal=Human Immunology |series=Population immunogenetics of Mexican mixed ancestry populations |volume=81 |issue=9 |pages=461–474 |doi=10.1016/j.humimm.2020.06.008 |issn=0198-8859|hdl=21.11116/0000-0006-ACD5-8 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

A 2012 study published by the [[Journal of Human Genetics]] found that the Y-chromosome (paternal) ancestry of the average Mexican mestizo was predominantly European (64.9%), followed by Indigenous American (30.8%), and African (4.2%). The European ancestry was more prevalent in the north and west (66.7–95%) and Indigenous American ancestry increased in the centre and south-east (37–50%), the African ancestry was low and relatively homogeneous (0–8.8%).<ref name="pmid22832385">{{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cortés |first1=Gabriela |last2=Salazar-Flores |first2=Joel |last3=Gabriela Fernández-Rodríguez |first3=Laura |last4=Rubi-Castellanos |first4=Rodrigo |last5=Rodríguez-Loya |first5=Carmen |last6=Velarde-Félix |first6=Jesús Salvador |last7=Francisco Muñoz-Valle |first7=José |last8=Parra-Rojas |first8=Isela |last9=Rangel-Villalobos |first9=Héctor |title=Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |date=September 2012 |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=568–574 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2012.67 |pmid=22832385 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The states that participated in this study were Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Veracruz and Yucatán.<ref name="pmid22832385" />

A study of 104 mestizos from Sonora, Yucatán, Guerrero, Zacatecas, Veracruz, and Guanajuato by Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine, reported that mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 31.05% Indigenous American, and 10.03% African. [[Sonora]] shows the highest European contribution (70.63%) and [[Guerrero]] the lowest (51.98%) which also has the highest Indigenous American contribution (37.17%). African contribution ranges from 2.8% in Sonora to 11.13% in [[Veracruz]]. 80% of the Mexican population was classed as mestizo (defined as "being racially mixed in some degree").<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ashg.org/genetics/ashg06s/f10071.htm|title=Evaluation of Ancestry and Linkage Disequilibrium Sharing in Admixed Population in Mexico|author1=J.K. Estrada|author2=A. Hidalgo-Miranda|author3=I. Silva-Zolezzi|author4=G. Jimenez-Sanchez|publisher=ASHG|access-date=18 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235945/http://www.ashg.org/genetics/ashg06s/f10071.htm|archive-date=16 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In May 2009, the same institution (Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine) issued a report on a genomic study of 300 mestizos from those same states. The study found that the mestizo population of these Mexican states were on average 55% of Indigenous ancestry followed by 41.8% of European, 1.8% of African, and 1.2% of East Asian ancestry.<ref name="pmid19433783">{{cite journal |last1=Silva-Zolezzi |first1=Irma |last2=Hidalgo-Miranda |first2=Alfredo |last3=Estrada-Gil |first3=Jesus |last4=Fernandez-Lopez |first4=Juan Carlos |last5=Uribe-Figueroa |first5=Laura |last6=Contreras |first6=Alejandra |last7=Balam-Ortiz |first7=Eros |last8=del Bosque-Plata |first8=Laura |last9=Velazquez-Fernandez |first9=David |last10=Lara |first10=Cesar |last11=Goya |first11=Rodrigo |last12=Hernandez-Lemus |first12=Enrique |last13=Davila |first13=Carlos |last14=Barrientos |first14=Eduardo |last15=March |first15=Santiago |last16=Jimenez-Sanchez |first16=Gerardo |title=Analysis of genomic diversity in Mexican Mestizo populations to develop genomic medicine in Mexico |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=26 May 2009 |volume=106 |issue=21 |pages=8611–8616 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0903045106 |pmid=19433783 |pmc=2680428 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.8611S |doi-access=free}}</ref> The study also noted that whereas mestizo individuals from the southern state of Guerrero showed on average 66% of Indigenous ancestry, those from the northern state of Sonora displayed about 61.6% European ancestry. The study found that there was an increase in Indigenous ancestry as one traveled towards to the Southern states in Mexico, while the Indigenous ancestry declined as one traveled to the Northern states in the country, such as Sonora.<ref name=pmid19433783 />