Editing Max Newman (section)

==World War II==
The United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. Newman's father was Jewish, which was of particular concern in the face of [[Nazi Germany]], and Lyn, Edward and William were evacuated to America in July 1940, where they spent three years before returning to England in October 1943. After [[Oswald Veblen]] — maintaining 'that every able-bodied man ought to be carrying a gun or hand-grenade and fight for his country'— opposed moves to bring him to Princeton, Newman remained at Cambridge and at first continued research and lecturing.<ref name="n176"/>

===Government Code and Cypher School===
By spring 1942, Newman was considering involvement in war work. He made enquiries. After Patrick Blackett recommended him to the Director of Naval Intelligence, Newman was sounded out by [[Frank Adcock]] in connection with the [[Government Communications Headquarters|Government Code and Cypher School]] at [[Bletchley Park]].<ref name="n176"/>

Newman was cautious, concerned to ensure that the work would be sufficiently interesting and useful, and there was also the possibility that his father's German nationality would rule out any involvement in top-secret work.<ref>Gannon, 2006, pp. 227–228.</ref> The potential issues were resolved by the summer, and he agreed to arrive at [[Bletchley Park]] on 31 August 1942. Newman was invited by [[F. L. Lucas|F. L. (Peter) Lucas]] to work on [[Enigma machine|Enigma]] but decided to join [[John Tiltman|Tiltman]]'s group working on [[Tunny (cryptography)|Tunny]].<ref name="n176"/>

===Tunny===
{{Further|Lorenz cipher|Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher}}
Newman was assigned to the Research Section and set to work on a German [[teleprinter]] [[cipher]] known as "[[Lorenz cipher|Tunny]]". He joined the "[[Testery]]" in October.<ref>Gannon, 2006, p. 228.</ref> Newman enjoyed the company<ref name="colossus.newman" /> but disliked the work and found that it was not suited to his talents.<ref name="odnb"/> He persuaded his superiors that [[Tutte]]'s method could be mechanised, and he was assigned to develop a suitable machine in December 1942. Shortly afterwards, [[Edward Travis]] (then operational head of Bletchley Park) asked Newman to lead research into mechanised codebreaking.<ref name="n176"/>

===The Newmanry===
{{Main|Newmanry}}
When the war ended, Newman was presented with a silver tankard inscribed 'To MHAN from the Newmanry, 1943–45'.<ref name="colossus.newman"/>

====Heath Robinson====
{{Main|Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)}}
Construction started in January 1943, and the first prototype was delivered in June 1943.<ref>[[Jack Copeland]] with [[Catherine Caughey]], [[Dorothy Du Boisson]], [[Eleanor Ireland]], Ken Myers, and Norman Thurlow, "Mr Newman's Section", p. 157 of pp. 158–175 in {{cite book |title=Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-957814-6 }}</ref> It was operated in Newman's new section, termed the "[[Newmanry]]", was housed initially in Hut 11 and initially staffed by himself, [[Donald Michie]], two engineers, and 16 [[Women's Royal Naval Service|Wrens]].<ref name="copeland64">Jack Copeland, "Machine against Machine", pp. 64–77 in B. Jack Copeland, ed., in {{cite book |title=Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-957814-6 }}</ref> The Wrens nicknamed the machine the "[[Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)|Heath Robinson]]", after the [[W. Heath Robinson|cartoonist]] of the same name who drew humorous drawings of absurd mechanical devices.<ref name="copeland64"/>

====Colossus====
{{Main|Colossus computer}}
The Robinson machines were limited in speed and reliability. [[Tommy Flowers]] of the [[Post Office Research Station]], [[Dollis Hill]] had experience of [[Vacuum tube|thermionic valves]] and built an electronic machine, the [[Colossus computer]] which was installed in the Newmanry. This was a great success and ten were in use by the end of the war.