Editing Match (section)

==={{anchor|The_safety_match}}Safety matches===
[[Image:Jönköping tändsticksfabrik, 1872.jpg|thumb|Jönköpings safety match industry, 1872]]
[[Image:Itkonniemen tehdas.jpg|thumb|Old match factory in Itkonniemi, [[Kuopio]], Finland ©]]
The dangers of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches led to the development of the "hygienic" or "safety match". The major innovation in its development was the use of [[Allotropes of phosphorus#Red phosphorus|red phosphorus]], not on the head of the match but instead on a specially designed striking surface.

[[Albright and Wilson|Arthur Albright]] developed the industrial process for large-scale manufacture of red phosphorus after Schrötter's discoveries became known. By 1851, his company was producing the substance by heating white phosphorus in a sealed pot at a specific temperature. He exhibited his red phosphorus in 1851, at [[The Great Exhibition]] held at [[The Crystal Palace]] in London.

The idea of creating a specially designed striking surface was developed in 1844 by the [[Sweden|Swede]] [[Gustaf Erik Pasch]]. Pasch patented the use of red phosphorus in the striking surface. He found that this could ignite heads that did not need to contain white phosphorus. [[Johan Edvard Lundström]] and his younger brother Carl Frans Lundström (1823–1917) started a large-scale match industry in [[Jönköping|Jönköping, Sweden]] around 1847, but the improved safety match was not introduced until around 1850–55. The Lundström brothers had obtained a sample of red phosphorus matches from Albright at The Great Exhibition,<ref name=threlfall-v>Threlfall (1951), Chapter V: "The Foundations, 1855–56: the phosphorus retort"</ref> but had misplaced it and therefore they did not try the matches until just before the [[Paris]] Exhibition of 1855 when they found that the matches were still usable.<ref name=threlfall-v/> In 1858 their company produced around 12 million matchboxes.<ref name=crass5>{{cite journal|pages=316–319|title=A history of the match industry. Part 5| author=Crass, M. F. Jr. |journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=18|url=http://www.jce.divched.org/Journal/issues/1941/Jul/jceSubscriber/JCE1941p0316.pdf|doi=10.1021/ed018p316|year=1941|issue=7|bibcode = 1941JChEd..18..316C }}</ref>

[[File:SuperDeportistas.JPG|thumb|left|''Super Deportistas'' matches from mid-20th century Mexico, part of the permanent collection of the [[Museo del Objeto del Objeto]], in [[Mexico City]]]]
The safety of ''true'' "safety matches" is derived from the separation of the reactive ingredients between a match head on the end of a [[kerosene|paraffin]]-impregnated splint and the special striking surface (in addition to the safety aspect of replacing the white phosphorus with [[Phosphorus#Allotropes|red phosphorus]]). The idea for separating the chemicals had been introduced in 1859 in the form of two-headed matches known in France as ''Allumettes Androgynes''. These were sticks with one end made of potassium chlorate and the other of red phosphorus. They had to be broken and the heads rubbed together.<ref name=crass5/> There was, however, a risk of the heads rubbing each other accidentally in their box. Such dangers were removed when the striking surface was moved to the outside of the box. The development of a specialized [[matchbook]] with both matches and a striking surface occurred in the 1890s with the American [[Joshua Pusey]], who sold his patent to the [[Diamond Match Company]].
[[File:Pascual Sánchez - Ese instante.jpg|thumb|upright|A match at the beginning of the combustion process]]

The striking surface on modern matchboxes is typically composed of 25% powdered [[glass]] or other abrasive material, 50% [[red phosphorus]], 5% neutralizer, 4% [[carbon black]], and 16% binder; and the match head is typically composed of 45–55% [[potassium chlorate]], with a little sulfur and starch, a neutralizer (ZnO or {{chem|CaCO|3}}), 20–40% of [[Silicon dioxide|siliceous]] filler, [[Diatomaceous earth|diatomite]], and glue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fire|url=http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/phosphor.htm#Fire|access-date=19 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104054408/http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/phosphor.htm#Fire|archive-date=4 November 2011}}</ref> Safety matches ignite due to the extreme reactivity of phosphorus with the potassium chlorate in the match head. When the match is struck, the phosphorus and chlorate mix in a small amount and form something akin to the explosive [[Armstrong's mixture]], which ignites due to the friction. The red color of the matchhead is due to addition of [[Dye|red dye]]s, not the red phosphorus content.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-27 |title=How Do Safety Matches Work? |url=https://www.reagent.co.uk/blog/how-do-safety-matches-work/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The Swedes long held a virtual worldwide [[monopoly]] on safety matches, with the industry mainly situated in Jönköping, by 1903 called ''Jönköpings & Vulcans Tändsticksfabriks AB'' today [[Swedish Match]]''.''<ref name=threlfall-va>Threlfall (1951), Appendix A to Chapter V: "The Match Industry"</ref> In France, they sold the rights to their safety match [[patent]] to Coigent Père & Fils of [[Lyon]], but Coigent contested the payment in the French courts, on the basis that the invention was known in [[Vienna]] before the Lundström brothers patented it.<ref name=threlfall-va/> The British match manufacturer [[Bryant and May]] visited Jönköping in 1858 to try to obtain a supply of safety matches, but was unsuccessful. In 1862 it established [[Bryant and May Factory, Bow|its own factory]] and bought the rights for the British safety match patent from the Lundström brothers.<ref name=threlfall-va/>