Editing Mary I of England (section)

===Spanish marriage===
{{Multiple image|image1=Edward Courtenay 1st Earl of Devon.jpg|image2=El cardenal Reginald Pole, por Sebastiano del Piombo.jpg|total_width=350|footer=[[Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon]] and Cardinal [[Reginald Pole]]: both were potential candidates for marriage}}
[[File:Philip II.jpg|thumb|right|Philip of Spain by [[Titian]]]]
Now aged 37, Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir, which would prevent Elizabeth (still next in line under the terms of [[Henry VIII's will]] and the [[Act of Succession of 1544]]) from succeeding to the throne. While the English expected her to marry, there was a general consensus that the Queen should not marry a foreigner, since that could lead to the interference of a foreign power in English affairs.<ref>{{harvtxt|Froude|1910|page=23}}</ref> On 16 November 1553, a parliamentary delegation went to her and formally requested that she choose an English husband,<ref>{{harvtxt|Weikel|1980|page=53}}</ref> the obvious though tacit candidates being her kinsmen [[Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon|Edward Courtenay]], recently created Earl of Devon, and the Catholic Cardinal Reginald Pole. But Mary's first cousin, [[Emperor Charles V|Charles V]], also king of Spain, saw that an alliance with England would give him supremacy in Europe; he sent his minister to England to propose his only legitimate son, [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]], as a person whom the religious and political interests of the world recommended for Mary.<ref>{{harvtxt|Froude|1910|page=55}}; Loades, pp. 199–201; Porter, pp. 265–267.</ref> The Spanish prince had been widowed a few years before by the death of his first wife, [[Maria Manuela of Portugal]], mother of his son [[Carlos, Prince of Asturias|Carlos]], and was heir apparent to vast territories in Continental Europe and the New World. Both Philip and Mary were descendants of [[John of Gaunt]]. As part of the marriage negotiations, a portrait of Philip by [[Titian]] was sent to Mary in the latter half of 1553.<ref>Porter, p. 310.</ref>

Mary was convinced that the safety of England required her to form a closer relationship with Charles's family, the [[Habsburgs]], and she decided to marry Philip.<ref>{{harvtxt|Heard|2000|pages=46, 48}}</ref> A marriage treaty was presented to the Privy Council on 7 December 1553, and even though the terms clearly favoured England and included several safeguards, many still thought that England would be drawn into Philip's wars and become a mere province of the Habsburg Empire.<ref>{{harvtxt|Heard|2000|pages=48, 49}}</ref> This was of particular concern to the [[landed gentry]] and parliamentary classes, who foresaw having to pay greater taxes to cover the cost of England's participation in foreign wars.<ref>{{harvtxt|Fletcher|1970|page=86}}</ref>

Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the [[English House of Commons]] unsuccessfully petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of the Habsburgs.<ref>Porter, pp. 279–284; Waller, p. 72; Whitelock, pp. 202–209.</ref> The marriage was unpopular with the English; Gardiner and his allies opposed it on the basis of patriotism, while Protestants were motivated by a fear that with the restoration of Catholicism and the arrival of the Spanish King, the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]] would come to judge Protestant heretics.<ref>Waller, p. 73.</ref> Many English people knew the stories of the torments and cruelties suffered by the prisoners of the Inquisition, and there were even those "who had suffered from the rack of the inquisitors" themselves.<ref>Alexander Samson, ''Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain'' (Manchester, 2020), p. 70.</ref>

It was not just the English who were alarmed by the pending marriage of Mary and Philip. France feared an alliance between England and Spain. [[Antoine de Noailles]], the French ambassador to England, "threatened war and began immediate intrigues with any malcontents he could find". Before Christmas in 1553, anti-Spanish ballads and broadsheets were circulating in the streets of London.<ref>{{harvtxt|Loades|1999|pages=190–191}}</ref>

When Mary insisted on marrying Philip, insurrections broke out. [[Thomas Wyatt the Younger]] led a force from [[Kent]] to depose Mary in favour of Elizabeth, as part of a wider conspiracy now known as [[Wyatt's rebellion]], which also involved the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane's father.<ref>Porter, pp. 288–299; Whitelock, pp. 212–213.</ref> Mary declared publicly that she would summon Parliament to discuss the marriage and if Parliament decided that the marriage was not to the kingdom's advantage, she would refrain from pursuing it.<ref>Porter, p. 300; Waller, pp. 74–75; Whitelock, p. 216.</ref> On reaching London, Wyatt was defeated and captured. Wyatt, the Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane, and her husband Guildford Dudley were executed. Courtenay, who was implicated in the plot, was imprisoned and then exiled. Elizabeth, though protesting her innocence in the Wyatt affair, was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two months, then put under house arrest at [[Woodstock Palace]].<ref>Porter, pp. 311–313; Whitelock, pp. 217–225.</ref>

Mary was—excluding the brief, disputed reigns of the [[Empress Matilda]] and Lady Jane Grey—England's first [[queen regnant]]. Further, under the English common law doctrine of ''[[jure uxoris]]'', the property and titles belonging to a woman became her husband's upon marriage, and it was feared that any man she married would thereby become king of England in fact and name.<ref>Waller, pp. 84–85; Whitelock, pp. 202, 227.</ref> While Mary's grandparents [[Ferdinand and Isabella]] had retained sovereignty of their respective realms during their marriage, there was no precedent to follow in England.<ref>Porter, p. 269; Waller, p. 85.</ref> Under the terms of [[Queen Mary's Marriage Act]], Philip was to be styled "King of England", all official documents (including [[Acts of Parliament]]) were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple, for Mary's lifetime only. England was not obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war, and Philip could not act without his wife's consent or appoint foreigners to office in England.<ref>Porter, pp. 291–292; Waller, p. 85; Whitelock, pp. 226–227.</ref> Philip was unhappy with these conditions but ready to agree for the sake of securing the marriage.<ref>Porter, pp. 308–309; Whitelock, p. 229.</ref> He had no amorous feelings for Mary, but sought the marriage for political and strategic gain; his aide [[Ruy Gómez de Silva]] wrote to a correspondent in [[Brussels]], "the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration, but in order to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the [[Habsburg Netherlands|Low Countries]]."<ref>Letter of 29 July 1554 in the ''Calendar of State Papers, Spanish'', volume XIII, quoted in Porter, p. 320 and Whitelock, p. 244.</ref> A future child of Mary and Philip would be heir not only to the throne of England but also to the [[Spanish Empire]] in the event that Philip's eldest son, Don Carlos, died without issue.<ref>Alexander Samson, ''Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain'' (Manchester, 2020), pp. 71–73.</ref>

To elevate his son to Mary's rank, Emperor Charles V ceded to Philip the [[Kingdom of Naples|crown of Naples]] as well as his claim to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. Mary thus became [[List of Neapolitan royal consorts|queen of Naples]] and titular [[List of queens of Jerusalem|queen of Jerusalem]] upon marriage.<ref name="waller90">Porter, pp. 321, 324; Waller, p. 90; Whitelock, p. 238.</ref> Their [[Wedding of Mary I of England and Philip of Spain|wedding]] at [[Winchester Cathedral]] on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting.<ref>Loades, pp. 224–225; Porter, pp. 318, 321; Waller, pp. 86–87; Whitelock, p. 237.</ref> Philip did not speak English, and so they spoke a mixture of Spanish, French, and Latin.<ref>Porter, p. 319; Waller, pp. 87, 91.</ref>