Editing Marabout (section)

====Post-independence====
[[File:Marabouts citant la fatiah lors d'un baptême au Niger.jpg|thumb|Marabouts reciting [[Al-Fatiha]] during a baptism in [[Niger]]]]
After Senegal gained its [[Senegal#Independence (1960)|independence from France]] in 1960, marabouts and leaders of Sufi Brotherhoods (also marabouts), or the ''Khalife-Général'', have continued to play influential roles in Senegalese politics. Some have questioned the utility of having clientelist relationships between marabouts and government officials in a modern democracy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Beck|first=Linda J.|date=2001|title=Reining in the Marabouts? Democratization and Local Governance in Senegal|journal=African Affairs|volume=100|issue= 401|pages=602|doi=10.1093/afraf/100.401.601}}</ref> The new "grandson" generation of marabouts has cultivated a more independent and secular political outlook and have proven that they are willing to question the authority of their predecessors. In Senegal's 1988 presidential election, ''Khalife-Général'' Abdou Lahatte Mbakke supported [[Abdou Diouf]] for reelection. Both as public endorsement and as a reward for installing new roads and street lamps in [[Touba]] while in office, the ''Khalife-Général'' declared a ''ndiggël'' (a binding command issued by the ''Khalife-Général'' to all members of the Mouride Brotherhood) that proclaimed that all men must vote for Diouf. Although multiple ''Khalife-Général'' have issued '''ndiggël politique''<nowiki/>' in support of a presidential candidate in previous elections, several marabouts of the "grandson" generation openly rejected the command by voting for the opposition instead.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islamic Reform in Twentieth Century Africa|last=Loimeier|first=Roman|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780748695430|location=Edinburgh, U.K.|pages=96}}</ref> These marabouts believed that the ''ndiggël'' violated their secular political rights, which was a sentiment shared among many other Mourides in Touba.<ref name=":1" />

In 1997, a rural council of Touba Mosquée in Senegal issued a set of new taxes meant to fund an ambitions development project in the holy city. City merchants promptly voiced their displeasure of the new taxes and threatened to kick the rural council, whose members were all appointed by the Mouride ''Khalife-Général,'' out of the city. Although tax revolts are not uncommon elsewhere, this incident was particularly noteworthy as the merchants' blatant refusal exhibited a departure from typical state-society relations in Senegal. Declining economic performance in Senegal may lead to more taxes in the future, which means political actors may have to adjust or fundamentally alter their clientelist relationships with marabouts and ''Khalife-Général''.<ref name=":1" />