Editing Manhattan (section)

===20th century===
{{further|Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire|Stonewall riots}}
[[File:Mulberry Street NYC c1900 LOC 3g04637u edit.jpg|thumb|Manhattan's [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]] on the [[Lower East Side]], {{c.|1900}}]]
[[File:Old_timer_structural_worker2.jpg|alt=A man working on a steel girder high above a city skyline.|thumb|A [[construction worker]] atop the [[Empire State Building]] during its construction in 1930. The [[Chrysler Building]] is visible to the right.]]
The construction of the [[New York City Subway]], which opened in 1904, helped bind the new city together,<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/item/2016600205/ Opening ceremonies, New York subway, Oct. 27, 1904], [[Library of Congress]]. Accessed December 1, 2023.</ref> as did the completion of the [[Williamsburg Bridge]] (1903) and [[Manhattan Bridge]] (1909) connecting to Brooklyn and the [[Queensboro Bridge]] (1909) connecting to Queens.<ref>Dim, Joan Marans. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1c5cjq1 "New York's Golden Age of Bridges"], [[Fordham University Press]], 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-8232-5308-1}}. Accessed December 4, 2023. "The Williamsburg followed in 1903, the Queensboro (renamed the Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge) and the Manhattan in 1909, the George Washington in 1931, the Triborough (renamed the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge) in 1936, the Bronx-Whitestone in 1939, the Throgs Neck in 1961, and the Verrazano-Narrows in 1964."</ref> In the 1920s, Manhattan experienced large arrivals of African-Americans as part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] from the southern United States, and the [[Harlem Renaissance]],<ref>[https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/new-african-american-identity-harlem-renaissance A New African American Identity: The Harlem Renaissance], [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]]. Accessed December 1, 2023.</ref> part of a larger boom time in the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] era that included new [[skyscraper]]s competing for the skyline, with the [[Woolworth Building]] (1913), [[40 Wall Street]] (1930), the [[Chrysler Building]] (1930), and the [[Empire State Building]] (1931) leapfrogging each other to take their place as the [[History of the world's tallest buildings|world's tallest building]].<ref>Barr, Jason M. [https://buildingtheskyline.org/tag/woolworth-building/ "Why Doesn't New York Construct the World's Tallest Building Anymore?"], Building the Skyline, December 23, 2020. Accessed December 4, 2023. "Generation II was the twentieth century before World War I. This crop included the Singer Building (1908, 674 feet, 205 meters, 41 stories), the Metropolitan Life Tower (1909, 700 feet, 210 meters, 50 stories), and the Woolworth Building (1913, 792 feet, 241 meters, 55 stories).... Left to Right: Bank of Manhattan Building (1930), Chrysler Building (1930), Empire State Building (1931)."</ref> Manhattan's majority [[White American|white]] ethnic group declined from 98.7% in 1900 to 58.3% by 1990.<ref name=Census1790to1990/> On March 25, 1911, the [[Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire]] in [[Greenwich Village]] killed 146 [[garment worker]]s,<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/aboutosha/40-years/trianglefactoryfire The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire], [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]. Accessed December 1, 2023. "One hundred years ago on March 25, fire spread through the cramped Triangle Waist Company garment factory on the 8th, 9th and 10th floors of the Asch Building in lower Manhattan. Workers in the factory, many of whom were young women recently arrived from Europe, had little time or opportunity to escape. The rapidly spreading fire killed 146 workers."</ref> leading to overhauls of the city's fire department, [[building code]]s, and workplace safety regulations.<ref>Markel, Howard. [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-the-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire-transformed-labor-laws-and-protected-workers-health "How the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire transformed labor laws and protected workers' health"], ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', March 31, 2021. Accessed December 4, 2023. "Activists kept their memory alive by lobbying their local and state leaders to do something in the name of building and worker safety and health. Three months later, John Alden Dix, then the governor of New York, signed a law empowering the Factory Investigating Committee, which resulted in eight more laws covering fire safety, factory inspection, and sanitation and employment rules for women and children. The following year, 1912, activists and legislators in New York State enacted another 25 laws that transformed its labor protections among the most progressive in the nation."</ref> In 1912, about 20,000 workers, a quarter of them women, marched upon [[Washington Square Park]] to commemorate the fire. Many of the women wore fitted tucked-front blouses like those manufactured by the company, a clothing style that became the working woman's uniform and a symbol of [[women's liberation]], reflecting the alliance of the labor and [[suffrage]] movements.<ref>[http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/ The Triangle Factory Fire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512025233/http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/ |date=May 12, 2012 }}, [[Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations]]. Accessed April 25, 2007.</ref>

Despite the [[Great Depression]], some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were completed in Manhattan during the 1930s, including numerous [[Art Deco]] masterpieces that are still part of the city's skyline, most notably the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and [[GE Building|30 Rockefeller Plaza]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Skyscraper boom tied to market crash | website=Real Estate Weekly | date=February 19, 2014 | url=http://rew-online.com/2014/02/19/skyscraper-boom-tied-to-market-crash/ | access-date=April 11, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412083536/http://rew-online.com/2014/02/19/skyscraper-boom-tied-to-market-crash/ | archive-date=April 12, 2018 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A postwar economic boom led to the development of huge housing developments targeted at returning veterans, the largest being [[Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village]], which opened in 1947.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1947/08/01/archives/stuyvesant-town-to-get-its-first-tenants-today.html "Stuyvesant Town to Get Its First Tenants Today"], p. 19, ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 1, 1947. Accessed December 4, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.stuytown.com/guides/stuytown/history "A History of StuyTown & Peter Cooper Village"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227191506/https://www.stuytown.com/guides/stuytown/history |date=December 27, 2023 }}, ''Stuytown'', January 12, 2019. Accessed December 27, 2023. "Construction of StuyTown took place between 1945-1947, encompassing 110 buildings and 11,250 apartments."</ref> The [[United Nations]] relocated to a new [[headquarters of the United Nations|headquarters]] that was completed in 1952 along the East River.<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/visit/about-us About Us], [[United Nations]]. Accessed December 27, 2023. "Construction began on UN Day (24 October) 1949 and was completed in 1952. Since then, the iconic buildings have gracefully 'hovered' over the East River, using the natural landscape to emphasize the brilliance of the 'glass curtain' wall of the Secretariat (the first of its kind in Manhattan), like a beacon of light to the world."</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252021%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%25201951%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%25201951%2520-%25200266.pdf|title=UN Moves Into New Building In NYC Today|last=[[Associated Press]]|date=January 8, 1951|work=Cortland Standard|access-date=December 21, 2017|page=1|via=[[Old Fulton New York Postcards]]}}</ref><ref>[[A. M. Rosenthal|Rosenthal, A. M.]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1951/05/19/archives/un-vacates-site-at-lake-success-peace-building-back-to-war-output.html "U.N. Vacates Site at Lake Success; Peace Building Back to War Output"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 19, 1951. Accessed December 27, 2023.</ref>
[[File:Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg|alt=A two-story building with brick on the first floor, with two arched doorways, and gray stucco on the second floor off of which hang numerous rainbow flags.|thumb|[[Stonewall Inn]] in [[Greenwich Village]], the site of the June 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] and the cradle of the modern [[gay rights|LGBTQ+ rights]] movement]]
The [[Stonewall riots]] were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the [[LGBT community|gay community]] against a [[police raid]] that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the [[Stonewall Inn]] in the [[Greenwich Village]] neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the [[gay liberation]] movement<ref name=GayGreenwichVillage1>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/|title=Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers|author=Julia Goicichea|publisher=The Culture Trip |date=August 16, 2017|access-date=February 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428024815/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/|archive-date=April 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=KentuckyStonewall/> and the modern fight for [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]].<ref name=NPSStonewall/><ref name=ObamaStonewall/><ref name="GayborhoodGreenwichVillage">{{cite web |first=Julia |last=Goicichea |date=August 16, 2017 |title=Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/ |access-date=January 25, 2025 |publisher=The Culture Trip }}</ref><ref name=NPS99000562>{{cite web |title=Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562 |url=http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm |access-date=January 25, 2025|publisher=[[National Park Service]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Eli |last=Rosenberg |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html |access-date=January 25, 2025}}</ref>

In the 1970s, job losses due to [[Deindustrialization|industrial restructuring]] caused New York City, including Manhattan, to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html|title=New York in the 70s: A Remembrance|author=Allan Tannenbaum|publisher=The Digital Journalist|access-date=July 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320194616/http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html|archive-date=March 20, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> While a resurgence in the [[financial industry]] greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christopher Effgen |url=http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/nycrime.htm |title=New York Crime Rates 1960–2009 |publisher=Disastercenter.com |date=September 11, 2001 |access-date=July 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060042/http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/nycrime.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1980s saw a rebirth of [[Wall Street]], and Manhattan reclaimed its role as the world's [[financial center]], with Wall Street employment doubling from 1977 to 1987.<ref>David, Greg. [https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100627/ANNIVERSARY/100629890/new-york-city-then-now "New York City: Then & Now"], ''[[Crain's New York]]'', June 27, 2010. Accessed December 3, 2023. "Still, Wall Street stands apart, not only as the engine of the city's rebirth and the dominant figure on the New York business landscape, but as the singular ingredient that the city can no longer live without, for better and for worse.... Back in 1977, Wall Street's ranks had been winnowed to 70,000, a decline of 30% during the decade. Those jobs accounted for only 5% of all the wages in the city.... The securities industry in the city more than doubled in size in the decade to 160,000. The pay its people received increased sixfold, accounting for almost 13% of all the wages in the city."</ref> The 1980s also saw Manhattan at the heart of the [[AIDS crisis]], with Greenwich Village at its epicenter.<ref>[https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/st-vincents-hospital-manhattan/ St. Vincent's Hospital Manhattan], NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Accessed December 3, 2023. "By the time HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, was first identified in 1983, St. Vincent's had become the epicenter of the epidemic in New York City with patients overwhelming the emergency room, its hallways, and beds."</ref>

In the 1970s, [[Times Square]] and [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]] – with its [[sex shop]]s, [[peep show]]s, and adult theaters, along with its [[prostitution|sex trade]], street crime, and public drug use – became emblematic of the city's decline, with a 1981 article in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine calling the stretch of West 42nd Street between [[7th Avenue (Manhattan)|7th]] and [[8th Avenue (Manhattan)|8th Avenues]] the "sleaziest block in America".<ref>Chakraborty, Deblina. [https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/18/us/80s-times-square-then-and-now/index.html "When Times Square was sleazy"], ''[[CNN]]'', April 18, 2016. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The sex market and drug trade thrived in the area, and homeless encampments dotted its streets. Many local theaters – once legitimate operations showcasing the performances of renowned actors like Lionel Barrymore – had become home to peep shows and porn movies.... In 1981, ''Rolling Stone'' magazine called West 42nd Street, located in the heart of Times Square, the 'sleaziest block in America.'"</ref> By the late 1990s, led by efforts by the city and the [[Walt Disney Company]], the area had been revived as a center of tourism to the point where it was described by ''[[The New York Times]]'' as "arguably the most sought-after 13 acres of commercial property in the world."<ref>Bagli, Charles V.; and Kennedy, Randy. [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/disney-wished-upon-times-sq-and-rescued-a-stalled-dream.html "Disney Wished Upon Times Sq. And Rescued a Stalled Dream"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 5, 1998. Accessed January 2, 2024. "Only five years later, a relative blink of the eye in the world of New York City development, that 42d Street is a dim memory. Times Square is a swirl of theaters, theme restaurants, tourist buses and construction cranes. It has become arguably the most sought-after 13 acres of commercial property in the world."</ref>

By the 1990s, crime rates began to drop dramatically<ref>Fagan, Jeffrey; Zimring, Franklin E.; and Kim, June. [https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=6979&context=jclc "Declining Homicide in New York City: A Tale of Two Trends"], ''[[Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology]]'', Summer 1998. Accessed December 3, 2023. "The peak year in Manhattan and the Bronx was 1990, while Brooklyn and Queens had their highest levels in 1991. Still, the temporal pattern during the late 1980s and early 1990s was pretty consistent across boroughs."</ref><ref>[https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2013/february/1990s-drop-in-nyc-crime-not-due-to-compstat-misdemeanor-arrests-study-finds.html "1990s Drop in NYC Crime Not Due to CompStat, Misdemeanor Arrests, Study Finds"], [[New York University]], February 4, 2013. Accessed December 3, 2023. "New York City experienced a historic decline in crime rates during the 1990s, but it was not due to the implementation of CompStat or enhanced enforcement of misdemeanor offenses, according to an analysis by NYU sociologist David Greenberg."</ref> and the city once again became the destination of immigrants from around the world, joining with low [[interest rate]]s and Wall Street [[bonus payment]]s to fuel the growth of the real estate market.<ref>Hevesi, Dennis. [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/16/realestate/in-much-of-the-city-a-robust-market.html "In Much of the City, A Robust Market"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328071307/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/16/realestate/in-much-of-the-city-a-robust-market.html |date=March 28, 2019 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 16, 1997. Accessed June 29, 2009.</ref> Important new sectors, such as [[Silicon Alley]], emerged in the [[Flatiron District]], cementing technology as a key component of Manhattan's economy.<ref>Gallagher, Fergal. [https://www.builtinnyc.com/2015/10/12/where-exactly-or-was-silicon-alley "The Mysterious Origins of the Term Silicon Alley Revealed"], Built in NYC, November 4, 2015. Accessed December 3, 2023. "The moniker 'Silicon Alley' first emerged in the mid-1990s as a way to group the wave of new media tech startups that were located around the Flatiron neighborhood of Manhattan near Madison Square Park. The physical alley refers to the corridor that connects Midtown to Lower Manhattan, running past the Flatiron building at Madison Square Park and Union Square towards Soho."</ref>

The [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]], described by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] as "something of a deadly dress rehearsal for 9/11", was a terrorist attack in which six people were killed when a van bomb filled with explosives was detonated in a parking lot below the [[List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)|North Tower]] of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center complex]].<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/world-trade-center-bombing-1993 World Trade Center Bombing 1993], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]. Accessed December 3, 2023. "On February 26, 1993, at about 17 minutes past noon, a thunderous explosion rocked lower Manhattan. The epicenter was the parking garage beneath the World Trade Center, where a massive eruption carved out a nearly 100-foot crater several stories deep and several more high.... The attack turned out to be something of a deadly dress rehearsal for 9/11; with the help of Yousef's uncle Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, al Qaeda would later return to realize Yousef's nightmarish vision."</ref>