Editing Manganese (section)

==History==
The origin of the name manganese is complex. In ancient times, two black minerals were identified from the regions of the [[Magnetes]] (either [[Ancient Magnesia|Magnesia]], located within modern Greece, or [[Magnesia ad Sipylum]], located within modern Turkey).<ref name="LanguageHAt">{{cite web |last1=languagehat |title=MAGNET. |url=http://languagehat.com/magnet/ |website=languagehat.com |access-date=18 June 2020 |language=en |date=28 May 2005}}</ref> They were both called ''magnes'' from their place of origin, but were considered to differ in sex. The male ''magnes'' attracted iron, and was the iron ore now known as [[lodestone]] or [[magnetite]], and which probably gave us the term [[magnet]]. The female ''magnes'' ore did not attract iron, but was used to decolorize glass. This female ''magnes'' was later called ''magnesia'', known now in modern times as [[pyrolusite]] or [[manganese dioxide]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pliny the Elder |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/62704/pg62704-images.html |title=Natural History of Pliny. BOOK XXXVI. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STONES. |chapter=Chapter 25—THE MAGNET: THREE REMEDIES |author-link=Pliny the Elder}}</ref> Neither this mineral nor elemental manganese is magnetic. In the 16th century, manganese dioxide was called ''manganesum'' (note the two Ns instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly as a corruption and concatenation of two words, since [[Alchemy|alchemists]] and glassmakers eventually had to differentiate a ''magnesia nigra'' (the black ore) from ''[[magnesia alba]]'' (a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in glassmaking). Italian physician [[Michele Mercati]] called magnesia nigra ''manganesa'', and finally the metal isolated from it became known as ''manganese'' ({{Langx|de|Mangan}}). The name ''magnesia'' was eventually used to refer only to the white magnesia alba (magnesium oxide), which provided the name [[magnesium]] for the free element when it was isolated much later.<ref>{{cite web|last=Calvert|first=J. B.|url=http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/chromang.htm|title=Chromium and Manganese|access-date=10 December 2022|date=24 January 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231161307/http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/chromang.htm|archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Lascaux painting.jpg|thumb| left |alt=A drawing of a left-facing bull, in black, on a cave wall |Some of the cave paintings in [[Lascaux]], [[France]], use manganese-based pigments.<ref name="Lascaux">{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/0957-0233/14/9/310|title=Analysis of rock art painting and technology of Palaeolithic painters|date=2003|last=Chalmin|first=Emilie |author2=Menu, Michel |author3=Vignaud, Colette|journal=Measurement Science and Technology|volume=14|pages=1590–1597|issue=9|s2cid=250842390 }}</ref>]]

Manganese dioxide, which is abundant in nature, has long been used as a pigment. The cave paintings in [[Gargas, Haute-Garonne|Gargas]] that are 30,000 to 24,000 years old are made from the mineral form of MnO<sub>2</sub> pigments.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00339-006-3510-7|title=Minerals discovered in paleolithic black pigments by transmission electron microscopy and micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure|date=2006|last1=Chalmin|first1=E.|last2=Vignaud|first2=C. |last3=Salomon|first3=H.|last4=Farges|first4=F.|last5=Susini|first5=J. |last6= Menu|first6=M.|journal=Applied Physics A|volume=83 |pages=213–218|issue=12|bibcode=2006ApPhA..83..213C|hdl=2268/67458|s2cid=9221234|url=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/67458/1/fulltext.pdf}}</ref>

Manganese compounds were used by Egyptian and Roman glassmakers, either to add to, or remove, color from glass.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.133.3467.1824|date=1961|last=Sayre|first=E. V.|author2=Smith, R. W.|title=Compositional Categories of Ancient Glass |volume=133|issue=3467|pages=1824–1826|journal=Science|pmid=17818999|bibcode=1961Sci...133.1824S|s2cid=25198686}}</ref> Use as "glassmakers soap" continued through the [[Middle Ages]] until modern times and is evident in 14th-century glass from [[Venice]].<ref name="ItGlass" />

[[File:Gahn Johan Gottlieb.jpg|thumb|upright|Credit for first isolating manganese is usually given to [[Johan Gottlieb Gahn]].]]

Because it was used in glassmaking, manganese dioxide was available for experiments by alchemists, the first chemists. [[Ignatius Gottfried Kaim]] (1770) and [[Johann Glauber]] (17th century) discovered that manganese dioxide could be converted to [[permanganate]], a useful laboratory reagent.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Centaurus|volume=19|issue=4|title=The Discovery of an Element|first=E.|last=Rancke-Madsen|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.1975.tb00329.x|pages=299–313|date=1975|bibcode=1975Cent...19..299R}}</ref> By the mid-18th century, the Swedish chemist [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] used manganese dioxide to produce [[chlorine]]. First, [[hydrochloric acid]], or a mixture of dilute [[sulfuric acid]] and [[sodium chloride]] was made to react with manganese dioxide, and later hydrochloric acid from the [[Leblanc process]] was used and the manganese dioxide was recycled by the [[Weldon process]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Peter Schmittinger |author2=Thomas Florkiewicz |author3=L. Calvert Curlin |author4=Benno Lüke |author5=Robert Scannell |author6=Thomas Navin |author7=Erich Zelfel |author8=Rüdiger Bartsch |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2011 |isbn=9783527306732 |page=532 |language=en |chapter=Chlorine |doi = 10.1002/14356007.a06_399.pub3}}</ref><ref name="ullmann" />

Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite (mineral form of manganese dioxide) contained a new element. [[Johan Gottlieb Gahn]] isolated an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, which he did by [[reduction-oxidation|reducing]] the dioxide with [[carbon]].<ref name=journal1927>{{cite journal |title=The metal manganese and its properties: also ores, and the production of ferro-manganese and its history |first=Robert |last=Hadfield |date=1927 |journal=The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute |volume=115 |number=1 |pages=251–252 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNVnjpEKb_oC&pg=PA251}}</ref> Ignatius Gottfried Kaim also may have reduced manganese dioxide to isolate the metal, but that is uncertain.<ref name=Miskowiec>{{cite journal |last1=Miśkowiec |first1=Paweł |date=2022 |title=Name game: the naming history of the chemical elements—part 1—from antiquity till the end of 18th century |journal=Foundations of Chemistry |volume= 25|issue= |pages= 29–51|doi=10.1007/s10698-022-09448-5 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Braunstein |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-40120.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Mindat |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

The manganese content of some iron ores used in Greece led to speculations that steel produced from that ore contains additional manganese, making the [[Sparta]]n steel exceptionally hard.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ajim.20524|date=2007|title=From lead to manganese through mercury: mythology, science, and lessons for prevention|volume=50|issue=11|pages=779–787 |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine|pmid=17918211|last1=Alessio|first1=L.|last2=Campagna|first2=M.|last3=Lucchini|first3=R.}}</ref> Around the beginning of the 19th century, manganese was used in steelmaking and several patents were granted. In 1816, it was documented that iron alloyed with manganese was harder but not more brittle. In 1837, British academic [[James Couper (academic)|James Couper]] noted an association between miners' heavy exposure to manganese and a form of [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="Couper 1837 41–42"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blanc |first=Paul D. |date=2018 |title=The early history of manganese and the recognition of its neurotoxicity, 1837–1936 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161813X17300657 |journal=NeuroToxicology |language=en |volume=64 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2017.04.006|bibcode=2018NeuTx..64....5B }}</ref> In 1912, United States patents were granted for protecting firearms against rust and corrosion with manganese phosphate electrochemical conversion coatings, and the process has seen widespread use ever since.<ref>{{cite book|title=Production of Manganese Ferroalloys|publisher=Tapir Academic Press |date=2007|isbn=978-82-519-2191-6|chapter=History of omanganese|pages=11–12|author=Olsen, Sverre E.|author2=Tangstad, Merete |author3=Lindstad, Tor}}</ref>

The invention of the [[Leclanché cell]] in 1866 and the subsequent improvement of batteries containing manganese dioxide as cathodic [[depolarizer]] increased the demand for manganese dioxide. Until the development of batteries with [[Nickel–cadmium battery|nickel–cadmium]] and lithium, most batteries contained manganese. The [[zinc–carbon battery]] and the [[alkaline battery]] normally use industrially produced manganese dioxide because naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities. In the 20th century, manganese dioxide was widely used as the cathode for commercial disposable dry batteries of both the standard (zinc–carbon) and alkaline types.<ref name="ChiuZMnO2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ciuz.19800140502|title=Moderne Verfahren der Großchemie: Braunstein |date=1980|last=Preisler|first=Eberhard|journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit|language=de|volume=14|pages=137–148|issue=5}}</ref>

Manganese is essential to iron and [[steelmaking|steel production]] by virtue of its [[sulfur]]-fixing, [[deoxidized steel|deoxidizing]], and [[alloying]] properties.<ref name="USGSMCS2009" /> This application was first recognized by the British metallurgist [[Robert Forester Mushet]] (1811–1891), who introduced the element to the steel manufacture process in 1856 in the form of [[spiegeleisen]].<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225736/http://youle.info/history/fh_material/Making_of_Sheffield/13-LIVES.TXT |archive-date=2 April 2018 |url-status=usurped |url=http://youle.info/history/fh_material/Making_of_Sheffield/13-LIVES.TXT |title=SHEFFIELD'S LIFE STORIES. |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>