Editing Manchu language (section)

==== Hanlin ====
Han Chinese at the [[Hanlin Academy]] studied the Manchu language in the Qing. The Han Chinese Hanlin graduate [[Qi Yunshi]] knew the Manchu language and wrote a book in Chinese on the frontier regions of China by translating and using the Manchu-language sources in the [[Grand Secretariat]]'s archives.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mosca |first=Mathew W. |date=December 2011 |journal=Late Imperial China |volume=32|issue=2|title= The Literati rewriting of China in The QianLong-Jiaqing Transition |url=https://www.academia.edu/6928995 |publisher=the Society for Qing Studies and The Johns Hopkins University Press |pages=106–107 |doi=10.1353/late.2011.0012 |s2cid=144227944 }}</ref> In 1740, Hanlin Academy expelled the Han Chinese [[Yuan Mei]] for not succeeding in his Manchu studies. Injišan, and Ortai, both Manchus, funded his work.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mosca |first=Mathew W.|date=2010 |journal=[[Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies]] |volume=70 |issue=1|title= Empire and the Circulation of Frontier Intelligence Qing Conceptions of the Ottomans |url=https://www.academia.edu/6928985 |publisher=The Harvard-Yenching Institute |page=181 |doi=10.1353/jas.0.0035|s2cid=161403630}}</ref> The Han Chinese [[Yan Changming]] had the ability to read [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]], [[Oirat language|Oirat]], and Mongolian.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mosca |first=Mathew W.|date=2010 |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=70 |issue=1|title= Empire and the Circulation of Frontier Intelligence Qing Conceptions of the Ottomans |url=https://www.academia.edu/6928985 |publisher=The Harvard-Yenching Institute |page=182 |doi=10.1353/jas.0.0035|s2cid=161403630}}</ref> Han Chinese officials learned languages on the frontier regions and Manchu in order to be able to write and compile their writings on the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mosca |first=Mathew W.|date=2010 |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=70 |issue=1|title= Empire and the Circulation of Frontier Intelligence Qing Conceptions of the Otomans |url=https://www.academia.edu/6928985 |publisher=The Harvard-Yenching Institute |page=176 |doi=10.1353/jas.0.0035|s2cid=161403630}}</ref>

A Manchu-language course over three years was required for the highest ranking Han degree holders from Hanlin but not all Han literati were required to study Manchu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rhoads |first=Edward J. M. |date=2017 |title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXQkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |publisher=University of Washington Press |page=62 |isbn=978-0295997483 }}</ref> Towards the end of the Qing it was pointed out that a lot of Bannermen themselves did not know Manchu anymore and that, in retrospect, "the founding emperors of the (Qing) dynasty (had been) unable to coerce the country's ministers and people to learn the national writing and national speech (Manchu)".<ref>{{cite book |last=Rhoads |first=Edward J. M. |date=2017 |title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXQkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |publisher=University of Washington Press |page=109 |isbn=978-0295997483 }}</ref>