Editing Malay language (section)

===Consonants===
The consonants of Malaysian<ref name="Clynes and Deterding 2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Clynes |first1=Adrian |last2=Deterding |first2=David |date=2011 |title=Standard Malay (Brunei) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=259–268 |doi=10.1017/S002510031100017X |doi-access=free |df=dmy-all}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karim |first1=Nik Safiah |url=https://anyflip.com/itckx/dubr/basic |title=Tatabahasa Dewan |last2=M. Onn |first2=Farid |last3=Haji Musa |first3=Hashim |last4=Mahmood |first4=Abdul Hamid |publisher=[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-983-62-9484-5 |edition=3 |location=Kuala Lumpur |pages=297–303 |language=ms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Abdullah |title=The Morphology of Malay |publisher=University of Edinburgh |year=1972}}</ref> and also Indonesian<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soderberg |first1=Craig D. |last2=Olson |first2=Kenneth S. |year=2008 |title=Indonesian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=209–213 |doi=10.1017/S0025100308003320 |issn=1475-3502|doi-access=free }}</ref> are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic, Dutch and English, are shown in brackets.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Malay consonant phonemes
! colspan=2| 
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Post-alveolar consonant|Post{{nbh}}alv.]]/<br/>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br/>[[Affricate]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| ({{IPA link|ʔ}})
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ({{IPA link|f}})
| {{IPA link|s}}
| ({{IPA link|ʃ}})
| ({{IPA link|x}})
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| ({{IPA link|v}})
| ({{IPA link|z}})
|
| ({{IPA link|ɣ}})
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Approximant]]
! <small>[[semivowel]]</small>
| {{IPA link|w}}
| 
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
| 
|-
! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
| 
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|
| 
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|}

'''Orthographic note''':
The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:

* {{IPAslink|ð}} is 'z', the same as the {{IPAslink|z}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|ð}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|z}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers).
* {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is 'ny'; 'n' before 'c' and 'j'
* {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is 'ng'
* {{IPAslink|θ}} is represented as 's', the same as the {{IPAslink|s}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|θ}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|s}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written 'th' in Standard Malay (not Indonesian)
* the glottal stop {{IPAslink|ʔ}} is final 'k' or an apostrophe ' (although some words have this glottal stop in the middle, such as ''rakyat'')
* {{IPAslink|tʃ}} is 'c'
* {{IPAslink|dʒ}} is 'j'
* {{IPAslink|ʃ}} is 'sy'
* {{IPAslink|x}} is 'kh'
* {{IPAslink|j}} is 'y'
* {{IPAslink|q}} is 'k'

'''Loans from Arabic''':
* Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be replaced with native sounds.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table of borrowed Arabic consonants
|-
! Distinct !! Assimilated !! Example
|-
| {{IPAslink|x}} || {{IPAslink|k}}, {{IPAslink|h}} || ''khabar, kabar'' "news"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ð}} || {{IPAslink|d}}, {{IPAslink|l}} || ''redha, rela'' "good will"
|-
| {{IPA|/zˤ/}} || {{IPAslink|l}}, {{IPAslink|z}} || ''lohor, zuhur'' "noon (prayer)"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ɣ}} || {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|r}} || ''ghaib, raib'' "hidden"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ʕ}} || {{IPAslink|ʔ}} || ''saat, sa'at'' "second (time)"
|-
|{{IPAslink|θ}}
|{{IPAslink|s}}
|{{lang|ms|Selasa}} "Tuesday"
|-
|{{IPAslink|q}}
|{{IPAslink|k}}
|{{lang|ms|makam}} "grave"
|}