Editing Majapahit (section)

==History==

===Formation===
After [[Pamalayu|defeating]] the [[Melayu Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Spuler |first1=Bertold |author2=F.R.C Bagley | title = The Muslim world: a historical survey, Part 4 | publisher = Brill Archive | page=252 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ | isbn = 9789004061965 | year  =1981 }}</ref> in Sumatra in 1275, [[Singhasari]] became the most powerful kingdom in the region. [[Kublai Khan]], the [[Khagan]] of the [[Mongol Empire]] and the Emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, challenged Singhasari by sending emissaries demanding tribute. [[Kertanegara of Singhasari]] refused to pay the tribute, insulted Kublai's envoy, and challenged the Khan instead. In response, Kublai Khan [[Mongol invasion of Java|sent a massive expedition of 1000 ships to Java]] in 1293.

====Mongol invasion====
{{main|Mongol invasion of Java}}
[[File:Ser Marco Polo Ancient Chinese War Vessel.jpg|thumb|Painting of a 14th-century [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] [[Junk (ship)|junk]]. Similar ships were sent by the Yuan in their naval armada.]]
By that time, [[Jayakatwang]], the ''Adipati'' (Duke) of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]], a vassal state of Singhasari, had usurped and killed Kertanagara. After being pardoned by Jayakatwang with the aid of Madura's regent Arya Wiraraja, Kertanegara's son-in-law [[Raden Wijaya]] was given the land of [[Trowulan|Tarik]] timberland. He then opened the vast timberland and built a new settlement there. The village was named ''Majapahit'', which was taken from the name of a fruit that had a bitter taste (''maja'' is the fruit name and ''pahit'' means bitter). When the Yuan army sent by Kublai Khan arrived, Wijaya allied himself with the army to fight against Jayakatwang. Once Jayakatwang was destroyed, Raden Wijaya forced his allies to withdraw from Java by launching a surprise attack.<ref name="Slamet Muljana 2005">{{cite book
| title     = Menuju Puncak kemegahan: Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit
| author    = Slamet Muljana
| publisher = PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara
| year      = 2005
| isbn      = 9789798451355
}}</ref> The Yuan army had to withdraw in confusion as they were in hostile territory, with their ships being attacked by Javanese navy. It was also their last chance to catch the [[monsoon]] winds home; otherwise, they would have had to wait for another six months.{{sfn|Nugroho|2011|pp=107–116}}

====The first king, Kertarajasa Jayawardhana====
[[Image:Harihara Majapahit 1.JPG|thumb|left|upright|King [[Kertarajasa]] portrayed as [[Harihara]], amalgamation of [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]]. Originally located at Candi Simping, [[Blitar]], today it is displayed in [[National Museum of Indonesia|National Museum]].]]
In 1293, [[Raden Wijaya]] founded a stronghold with the capital Majapahit.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|200–201}} The exact date used as the birth of the Majapahit kingdom is the day of his coronation, the 15th of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] month in the year 1215 using the Javanese [[Shaka era]], which equates to 10 November 1293.<ref name="NGI Trowulan" /> During his coronation he was given the formal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. King Kertarajasa took all four daughters of Kertanegara as his wives, his first wife and prime queen consort Tribhuwaneswari, and her sisters: Prajnaparamita, Narendraduhita, and [[Gayatri Rajapatni]] the youngest. According to Pararaton, he also took a [[Sumatra]]n Malay [[Dharmasraya]] princess named [[Dara Petak]] as his wife.<ref name="Suhadi">{{Cite journal |last=Suhadi |first=Machi |date=1995 |title=Masalah Negara Vasal Majapahit |url=https://berkalaarkeologi.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/berkalaarkeologi/article/download/678/628/3258 |journal=Berkala Arkeologi |volume=15 |issue=3|pages=92–95 |doi=10.30883/jba.v15i3.678 |language=id|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="SNI-II:Zaman Kuno">{{cite book|author1=Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro|author2=Nugroho Notosusanto|title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia: Zaman kuno|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/318053182|date=2008|publisher=Balai Pustaka|isbn=978-9794074084|oclc=318053182 |language=id|accessdate=20 October 2023}}</ref>{{Rp|454}}

The new kingdom faced challenges. Some of Kertarajasa's most trusted men, including [[:id:Ranggalawe|Ranggalawe]], [[:id:Ken Sora|Sora]], and [[:id:Nambi|Nambi]] rebelled against him, though unsuccessfully. It was suspected that the [[:id:Mahapati|Mahapati Halayudha]] set the conspiracy to overthrow all of his rivals in the court, led them to revolt against the king, while he gained king's favour and attained the highest position in the government. However, following the death of the last rebel [[:id:Ra Kuti|Kuti]], Halayudha's treachery was exposed, subsequently, he was captured, jailed for his stratagems and then sentenced to death.<ref name="Slamet Muljana 2005"/> Wijaya himself died in 1309.

====Jayanegara====
Kertarajasa Wijaya was succeeded by his heir [[Jayanegara]]. The reign of Jayanegara was a difficult and chaotic one, troubled with several rebellions by his father's former companions in arms. Among others are Gajah Biru's rebellion in 1314, [[:id:Dharmaputra (jabatan)#Pemberontakan Ra Semi|Semi rebellion in 1318]], and the [[:id:Dharmaputra (jabatan)#Pemberontakan Ra Kuti|Kuti rebellion in 1319]]. The Kuti rebellion was the most dangerous one, as Kuti managed to take control of the capital city. With the help of [[Gajah Mada]] and his ''Bhayangkara'' palace guard,<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|233}} Jayanegara barely escaped from the capital and safely hid in Badander village. While the king was in hiding, Gajah Mada returned to the capital city to assess the situation. After learning that Kuti's rebellion was not supported by the people or nobles of Majapahit court, Gajah Mada raised resistance forces to crush the Kuti rebellion.

After Kuti forces were defeated, Jayanegara was safely returned to his throne. For his loyalty and excellent service, Gajah Mada was promoted to high office to begin his career in royal court politics.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Misteri pemberontakan Ra Kuti hingga wajah asli sang Gajah Mada | author = Ya'cob Billiocta | newspaper = Merdeka.com | date = 22 April 2015 | language = id | url = http://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/misteri-pemberontakan-ra-kuti-hingga-wajah-asli-sang-gajah-mada.html}}</ref>

According to tradition, Wijaya's son and successor, Jayanegara, was notorious for his immorality. One of his distasteful acts was his desire to take his half-sisters, Gitarja and Rajadewi, as wives. Since Javanese tradition abhorred the practice of half-siblings marrying, the council of royal elders spoke strongly against the king's wishes. It was not clear what motivated Jayanegara's wish{{snd}}it might have been his way to ensure his claim to the throne by preventing rivals from being his half-sisters' suitors, although in the later period of the Majapahit court the custom of marriage among cousins was quite common. In the ''Pararaton'', he was known as ''Kala Gemet'', or "weak villain". Around the time of Jayanegara's reign in the early 14th century, the Italian Friar [[Odoric of Pordenone]] visited the Majapahit court in Java. He mentioned Java to be well-populated and filled with cloves, nutmeg and many other spices. He also mentioned that the king of Java had seven vassals under him and engaged in several wars with the "khan of Cathay".<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Suarez |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQTQAgAAQBAJ&dq=great+king+java+seven+vassals&pg=PT279 |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions Between China and India |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4629-0696-3 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|156}}

In 1328, Jayanegara was [[:id:Dharmaputra (jabatan)#Peristiwa Ra Tanca|murdered by his physician, Tanca]], during a surgical operation. In complete mayhem and rage, Gajah Mada immediately killed Tanca. The motive behind this [[regicide]] was never clear. According to the ''Pararaton'', it was Tanca's revenge for the king sexually abusing his wife. However, according to the Balinese manuscript ''[[Babad Dalem]]'', the assassination was a stratagem crafted by Gajah Mada himself to rid the kingdom of an evil tyrant.<ref name="Tirto-Gajah Mada">{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/gajah-mada-dan-kontroversi-dalang-pembunuhan-raja-majapahit-cCRR|title=Gajah Mada dan Kontroversi Dalang Pembunuhan Raja Majapahit|last=Raditya|first=Iswara |website=tirto.id|date=7 January 2018 |language=id|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> Tradition mentions that the immoral, cruel and abusive king often seduced and abused women, even the wives of his own subordinates.<ref>{{cite news | title = Goda Istri Orang, Raja Jayanegara Dibunuh Tabib (Bagian-2) | author = Bahari | date = 12 September 2015 | work = Sindo | language = id | url = https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/1043588/29/goda-istri-orang-raja-jayanegara-dibunuh-tabib-bagian-2-1441971107/13}}</ref> Other possible reason includes to protect the two princesses – Gitarja and Rajadewi, the daughters of Gayatri Rajapatni from the king's cruelty.<ref name="Tirto-Gajah Mada"/> Since the slain king was childless, he left no successor.

===Golden age===

====Queen Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi====
[[File:Parvati Majapahit 2.JPG|thumb|left|upright|The statue of [[Parvati]] as mortuary deified portrayal of [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi|Tribhuwanottunggadewi]], queen of Majapahit, mother of [[Hayam Wuruk]]]] 
Jayanegara's stepmother, Gayatri Rajapatni – the most revered matriarch of the court – was supposed to take the helm. However, Rajapatni had retired from worldly affairs to become a [[Bhikkhuni|Buddhist nun]]. Rajapatni appointed her daughter, [[Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi|Dyah Gitarja]], or known in her formal regnal name as Tribhuwannottungadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, as the queen of Majapahit under Rajapatni's auspices. Tribhuwana appointed [[Gajah Mada]] as the prime minister in 1336. During his inauguration Gajah Mada declared his [[Palapa oath]], revealing his plan to expand Majapahit realm and building an [[empire]].<ref name="JPMajapahit" />

During Tribhuwana's rule, the Majapahit kingdom grew much larger and became famous in the area. Under the initiative of her able and ambitious prime minister, [[Gajah Mada]], Majapahit sent its armada to conquer the neighbouring island of [[Bali]].<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|234}} According to the Babad Arya Tabanan manuscript, in 1342 Majapahit forces led by Gajah Mada, assisted by his general Arya Damar, the regent of Palembang, landed in Bali. After seven months of battles, Majapahit forces defeated the Balinese king and captured the Balinese capital of Bedulu in 1343. After the conquest of Bali, Majapahit distributed the governing authority of Bali among Arya Damar's younger brothers, Arya Kenceng, Arya Kutawandira, Arya Sentong, and Arya Belog. Arya Kenceng led his brothers to govern Bali under Majapahit suzerainty, and he would become the progenitor of the Balinese kings of the Tabanan and Badung royal houses. Through this campaign, Majapahit planted a vassal dynasty that would rule the [[Bali Kingdom]] in the following centuries. Tribhuwana ruled Majapahit until the death of her mother in 1350. She abdicated the throne in favour of her son, Hayam Wuruk.

[[Ibn Battuta]] in his travels between 1332 and 1347 visited a place called "Mul Jawa" (island of Java or Majapahit Java, as opposed to "al-Jawa" which refers to Sumatra). The empire spanned 2 months of travel and ruled over the country of Qaqula and Qamara. He arrived at the walled city named Qaqula/Kakula, and observed that the city had war junks for pirate raiding and collecting tolls and that elephants were employed for various purposes. He met the ruler of Mul Jawa and stayed as a guest for three days.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yule |first=Henry |title=Cathay and the Way Thither |volume= 4 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cathaywaythither04yule#page/n9/mode/2up |pages=1–106 |year=1916 |contribution=IV. Ibn Battuta's travels in Bengal and China |place=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |author-link=Henry Yule}}</ref>{{rp|96–97}}<ref name=":Beckingham">{{Citation |title=The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 |volume =4 |url=https://archive.org/details/travels-of-ibn-battuta/The%20Travels%20of%20Ibn%20Battuta-1325%E2%80%931354-Volume-IV/page/ii/mode/2up |year=1994 |editor-last=Gibb |editor-first=H.A.R. |place=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |isbn=978-0-904180-37-4 |editor-last2=Beckingham |editor-first2=C.F.}}</ref>{{rp|880–883}} Ibn Battuta said that the women of Java ride horses, understand archery, and fight like men. Ibn Battuta recorded a story about a country called [[Tawalisi]] which oppose the king of China (Yuan dynasty) and waged war with him using numerous junks until he made a peace on certain conditions.<ref name=":Beckingham" />{{rp|884–885}}<ref>{{citation |last=Bade |first=David W. |title=Of Palm Wine, Women and War: The Mongolian Naval Expedition to Java in the 13th Century |year=2013 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore|pages=3, 114–115 }}</ref>

====Reign of Hayam Wuruk and Gajah Mada's conquest====
[[File:Majapahit Expansion.gif|thumb|260px|Rough estimations of Majapahit's conquest of the Indonesian archipelago ([[Nusantara (archipelago)|Nusantara]]) in the 13th century, its decline and its eventual fall in the early 16th century. The existing historical records from several sources{{efn|group=note|1=Mainly [[Nagarakretagama]], [[Pararaton]], [[Suma Oriental]], and Ming dynasty records}} only partially describe the years listed and thus are subject to revisions.]]
[[Hayam Wuruk]], also known as Rajasanagara, ruled Majapahit in 1350–1389. During this period, Majapahit attained its peak with the help of the prime minister [[Gajah Mada]]. Under Gajah Mada's command (1313–1364), Majapahit conquered more territories and became the regional power.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|234}} According to the ''[[Nagarakretagama]]'', canto XIII and XIV mentioned several states in [[Sumatra]], the [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Borneo]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Nusa Tenggara]] islands, [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], [[New Guinea]], [[Mindanao]], [[Sulu Archipelago]], [[Luzon]] and some parts of the [[Visayas]] islands as under the Majapahit realm of power. The [[Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai|Hikayat Raja Pasai]], a 14th-century [[Aceh]] chronicle describe a Majapahit naval invasion on [[Majapahit conquest of Pasai|Samudra Pasai]] in 1350.<ref name="Tirto-Pasai">{{cite web | title = Kejamnya Sultan Samudera Pasai dan Serbuan Majapahit | author = Iswara N Raditya | date = 21 June 2017 | work = Tirto.id | url = https://tirto.id/kejamnya-sultan-samudera-pasai-dan-serbuan-majapahit-crcW| language = id}}</ref> The attacking force consisted of 400 large [[Djong (ship)|jong]] and an uncountable number of [[malangbang]] and [[kelulus]].<ref name=":2">Hill (June 1960). "[[iarchive:hikayat-raja-raja-pasai/page/2/mode/2up|Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai]]". ''Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society''. '''33''': pp. 98, 157: "Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys." See also Nugroho (2011). pp. 270, 286, quoting ''Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai'', 3: 98: "''Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta'idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan kelulus''." (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.)</ref> This expansion marked the greatest extent of Majapahit, making it one of the most influential empires in Indonesian history. It is considered a commercial trading empire in the civilisation of Asia.

[[File:Gajah-Mada.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[terracotta]] figure popularly believed by [[Mohammad Yamin]] as the portrait of [[Gajah Mada]], collection of [[Trowulan Museum]]. His claim, however, is not backed by historical background.]]
In 1355,<ref name="jejakrekam.com 2018">{{cite web | title=Nansarunai Ditaklukkan dengan Tiga Misi Militer Majapahit | website=jejakrekam.com | date=2018-02-24 | url=https://jejakrekam.com/2018/02/24/nansarunai-ditaklukkan-dengan-tiga-misi-militer-majapahit/ | language=id | access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref> Hayam Wuruk launched the third invasion of [[:id:Kerajaan Nan Sarunai|Dayak Ma'anyan kingdom of Nan Sarunai]], which at the time was led by Raden Anyan or Datu Tatuyan Wulau Miharaja Papangkat Amas. This invasion was led by Ampu Jatmika from Kalingga, Kediri<ref name="Munoz 2009">{{cite book | last=Munoz | first=P. M. | author2=Tim Media Abadi | title=Kerajaan-kerajaan awal kepulauan Indonesia dan Semenanjung Malaysia: perkembangan sejarah dan budaya Asia Tenggara (Jaman pra sejarah – abad xvi) | publisher=Mitra abadi | year=2009 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWxynQAACAAJ | language=id | access-date=2022-02-20 | page=}}</ref> with his entourage which according to ''Hikayat Banjar'' included his advisor Aria Megatsari, general Tumenggung Tatah Jiwa, minister Wiramartas, ''punokawan'' Patih Baras, Patih Basi, Patih Luhu, dan Patih Dulu, and bodyguards Sang Panimba Segara, Sang Pembelah Batung, Sang Jampang Sasak, and Sang Pengeruntung 'Garuntung' Manau. Multiple battles happened with the first battle in April 1358;<ref name="Kusmartono dan Widianto 1998">Kusmartono dan Widianto (1998), based on ash sample analysis in 1996 of burned Majapahit forces corpses from first nansarunai battle in Tambak Wasi and Candi Agung, Amuntai, gave the date April 1358.</ref> killed Majapahit soldiers were burned in Tambak Wasi. Nansarunai captain Jamuhala was also killed in this battle. While prince Jarang and prince Idong hid in Man near Tabalong-kiwa river. Nansarunai soldiers were concentrated in Pulau Kadap before the second battle happened in December 1362. Casualties from this second battle were buried in ''Tambak'' in Bayu Hinrang. In this war Raden Anyan was killed, speared by Mpu Nala, and buried in Banua Lawas.<ref name="Effrata 2021 pp. 26–33">{{cite journal | last=Effrata | first=Effrata | title=Jejak Nansarunai Dan Tantangan Globalisasi | journal=Jurnal Sociopolitico | volume=3 | issue=1 | date=2021-02-27 | issn=2656-1026 | doi=10.54683/sociopolitico.v3i1.38 | pages=26–33 | s2cid=244856970 | url=https://jurnal.fisipolupgriplk.ac.id/index.php/JSP/article/view/38 | access-date=2022-02-20| doi-access=free }}</ref> In its place, Ampu Jatmika founded a [[:id:Kerajaan Negara Dipa|Hindu kingdom state, Negara Dipa]] under Majapahit tributary, predecessor of [[Banjar Sultanate|Banjar]]. While surviving Javanese, Dayak, Madurese, and Bugis soldiers, sailors, metalsmiths of this war settled in Amuntai, Alabio, and Nagara.<ref name="jejakrekam.com 2018"/><ref name="Effrata 2021 pp. 26–33"/> These invasions were recorded in [[Ma'anyan people|Dayak Ma'anyan]] poetry as ''Nansarunai Usak Jawa''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ukur | first = Fridolin | title= Tanya Jawab Tentang Suku Dayak | page = 46| year = 1977 |location=Jakarta |publisher=BPK Gunung Mulia}}</ref><ref name="Ahsan 2018">{{cite web | last=Ahsan | first=Ivan Aulia | title=Jejak Panjang Nan Sarunai, Kerajaan Purba di Kalimantan | website=tirto.id | date=2018-01-09 | url=https://tirto.id/jejak-panjang-nan-sarunai-kerajaan-purba-di-kalimantan-cBfD | language=id | access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref>

Along with launching naval and military expeditions, the expansion of the Majapahit Empire involved diplomacy and alliance. Hayam Wuruk decided, probably for political reasons, to take princess [[Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi|Citra Rashmi]] (Dyah Pitaloka) of neighbouring [[Sunda Kingdom]] as his [[Queen consort|consort]].<ref name="end">{{cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|isbn= 981-4155-67-5}}</ref>{{rp|279}} The Sundanese took this proposal as an alliance agreement. In 1357 the Sunda king and his royal family came to Majapahit to accompany and marry his daughter to Hayam Wuruk.<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|239}} However, Gajah Mada saw this event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship. The skirmish between the Sunda royal family and the Majapahit troops on Bubat square was inevitable. Despite courageous resistance, the royal family were overwhelmed and decimated. Almost the whole of the Sundanese royal party was killed.<ref>{{cite book | last = Soekmono | first = Roden | title= Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia | volume = 2| edition = 2nd | publisher = Kanisius | year = 2002 | isbn = 9789794132906}}</ref> Tradition mentioned that the heartbroken princess committed [[suicide]] to defend the honour of her country.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Y. Achadiati S. |author2=Soeroso M. P. | title= ''Sejarah Peradaban Manusia: Zaman Majapahit''. | publisher = PT Gita Karya | year= 1988 | location =Jakarta| page=13}}</ref> The [[Battle of Bubat]], or the Pasunda Bubat tragedy, became the main theme of ''[[Kidung Sunda]]'', also mentioned in ''[[Carita Parahyangan]]'' and ''[[Pararaton]]'', but it was never mentioned in ''[[Nagarakretagama]]''.

[[File:Prasasti Gajah Mada.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gajah Mada inscription]], dated 1273 Saka (1351 AD), mentioned about a sacred caitya building dedicated by Gajah Mada for the late King [[Kertanegara of Singhasari|Kertanegara]] of Singhasari.]]
The ''Nagarakretagama'', written in 1365, depicts a sophisticated court with refined taste in art and literature and a complex system of religious rituals. The poet describes Majapahit as the centre of a huge [[mandala]] extending from [[New Guinea]] and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] to [[Sumatra]] and the [[Malay Peninsula]]. Local traditions in many parts of Indonesia retain accounts of 14th-century Majapahit's power in more or less [[legend]]ary form. The direct administration of Majapahit did not extend beyond [[east Java]] and [[Bali]], but challenges to Majapahit's claim to overlordship in outer islands drew forceful responses.<ref name="miksic" />{{rp|page=106}}

To revive the fortune of [[Melayu Kingdom|Malayu]] in Sumatra, in the 1370s, a Malay ruler of [[Palembang]] sent an envoy to the court of [[Hongwu Emperor|the first emperor]] of the newly established [[Ming dynasty]]. He invited China to resume the tributary system, just like [[Srivijaya]] did several centuries earlier. Learning this diplomatic manoeuvre, immediately King Hayam Wuruk sent an envoy to Nanking, convinced the emperor that Malayu was their vassal, and was not an independent country.<ref name="Britannica-Majapahit" /> Subsequently, in 1377,{{efn|group=note|1=According to the Chinese sources, the event took place in 1376 or 1377, according to the Javanese about 1361. See<ref>{{cite book |last=Krom |first=N. J. |date=1931 |title=Hindoe-Javaansche Geschiedenis ''(Hindu-Javanese History)'' |edition=2nd |location=The Hague |publisher=M. Nijhoff |page=412}}</ref>}} a few years after the death of Gajah Mada, Majapahit sent a punitive naval attack against a rebellion in Palembang,<ref name="ricklefs" />{{rp | page=19}} contributing to the end of the Srivijayan successor kingdom. Besides Gajah Mada, Another famous military leader was [[Adityawarman]], known for his chronicle in [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]].<ref>{{cite book | title = They Came to Malaya | author = Swaran Ludher | publisher = Xlibris Corporation | year = 2015 | isbn = 9781503500365| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZBvBgAAQBAJ&q=Adityawarman+Gajah+Mada+general&pg=PT16}}{{self-published source|date=December 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Cetbang Majapahit of 1470-1478, collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.6|Bronze cannon, called [[cetbang]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York, from c. 1470–1478 Majapahit. Note the ''[[Surya Majapahit]]'' emblem on the bronze cannon.]]
The nature of the Majapahit empire and its extent is subject to debate. It may have had limited or entirely notional influence over some of the [[vassal|tributary states]], including Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, [[Kalimantan]], and eastern Indonesia, over which authority was claimed in the ''Nagarakretagama''.<ref name="atlas">Cribb, Robert, ''Historical Atlas of Indonesia'', University of Hawai'i Press, 2000</ref> Geographical and economic constraints suggest that rather than a regular centralised authority, the outer states were most likely to have been connected mainly by trade connections, which were probably a royal monopoly.<ref name="ricklefs" />{{rp|page=19}} It also claimed relationships with [[Champa]], [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand|Siam]], southern Burma, and Vietnam, and even sent missions to China.<ref name="ricklefs" />{{rp|page=19}} Although the Majapahit rulers extended their power over other islands and destroyed neighbouring kingdoms, their focus seems to have been on controlling and gaining a larger share of the commercial trade that passed through the archipelago.

About the time Majapahit was founded, [[Muslim]] traders and [[proselytise]]rs began entering the area. The Troloyo/Tralaya tomb, a remnant of Islamic cemetery compound was discovered within the Trowulan area, the royal capital of Majapahit. Experts suggest that the cemetery was used between 1368 and 1611 AD, which means Muslim traders had resided in the capital as early as the mid-14th century during the reign of Hayam Wuruk.<ref name="Adrisijanti">{{cite book|last=Adrisijanti|first=Inajati|title=Majapahit: Batas Kota dan Jejak Kejayaan di Luar Kota|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2054/1/Buku%20Majapahit2.pdf|publisher=Kepel Press|year=2014|isbn=978-602-1228-70-8|location=Yogyakarta|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313000000/http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2054/1/Buku%20Majapahit2.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2021|access-date=15 March 2020|url-status=live}} [https://archive.org/details/majapahit-batas-kota-dan-jejak-kejayaan/mode/2up Alt URL]</ref>{{rp|185, 196}} Two Muslim tombstones in Troloyo were dated from the 14th century (1368 AD, 1376 AD). The close proximity of the site with the ''kraton'' means there were Muslim people in close relation with the court.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manguin |first1=Pierre-Yves |last2=Nicholl |first2=Robert |date=1985 |title=The Introduction of Islam into Champa |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 [6]}}</ref>

===Decline===
Following Hayam Wuruk's death in 1389, Majapahit power entered a period of decline with conflict over succession.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|241}} Hayam Wuruk was succeeded by the crown princess Kusumawardhani, who married a relative, Prince [[Wikramawardhana]]. Hayam Wuruk also had a son from his previous marriage, the crown prince [[Wirabhumi]], who also claimed the throne.

By the time of Hayam Wuruk's death, Majapahit had lost its grip on its vassal states on the northern coasts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, the latter which according to Chinese sources, would become a tributary state of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] until the rise of [[Malacca Sultanate]], supported by the [[Ming dynasty]].<ref name="notes on the malay archipelago">Groeneveldt, Willem Pieter (1876). "[https://archive.org/details/notes-on-the-malay-archipelago/page/n7/mode/2up?q= Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, Compiled from Chinese Sources]". Batavia: W. Bruining.</ref>

In the 14th century a Malay [[Kingdom of Singapura]] was established, and it promptly attracted a Majapahit navy that regarded it as [[Temasek|Tumasik]], a rebellious colony. Singapura was finally [[Sack of Singapore|sacked by Majapahit]] in 1398,<ref>{{harvnb|Tsang|Perera|2011|p=120}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sabrizain}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Abshire|2011|pp=19, 24}}</ref> after approximately 1 month long siege by 300 jong and 200,000 men.<ref name=":10">Nugroho (2011), pp. 271, 399–400, quoting ''Sejarah Melayu'', 10.4: 77: "... ''maka bagindapun segera menyuruh berlengkap tiga ratus buah jung, lain dari pada itu kelulus, pelang, jongkong, tiada terbilang lagi''." (then His Majesty immediately ordered to equip three hundred jong, other than that kelulus, pelang, jongkong in uncountable numbers.)</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Ahmad |first=Abdul Samad |title=Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu) |url=http://mymanuskrip.fsktm.um.edu.my/Greenstone/cgi-bin/library.exe?a=d&c=publishe&cl=CL1&d=DSulatus%20Salatin:%20Sejarah%20Melayu |year=1979 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012025208/http://mymanuskrip.fsktm.um.edu.my/Greenstone/cgi-bin/library.exe?a=d&c=publishe&cl=CL1&d=DSulatus%20Salatin:%20Sejarah%20Melayu |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka |isbn=983-62-5601-6 |quote=Setelah Betara Majapahit mendengar bunyi surat bendahari Singapura itu, maka baginda pun segera menyuruhkan berlengkap tiga ratus jong, lain daripada banting dan jongkong, kelulos, tiada berbilang lagi; dua keti rakyat Jawa yang pergi itu. |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=dead|page=69}}</ref><ref>Kheng, Cheah Boon; Ismail, Abdul Rahman Haji, eds. (1998). ''[https://archive.org/details/sejarah-melayu-cheah-boon-kheng/page/n1/mode/2up?q= Sejarah Melayu The Malay Annals MS Raffles No. 18 Edisi Rumi Baru/New Romanised Edition]''. Academic Art & Printing Services Sdn. Bhd. [https://archive.org/details/sejarah-melayu-cheah-boon-kheng/page/n127/mode/2up?q=jong pp. 118–119]: "Setelah Betara Majapahit mendengar bunyi surat bendahari raja Singapura itu, maka baginda pun segera menyuruh berlengkap tiga ratus buah jong, lain daripada itu kelulus, pilang, jongkong, tiada terbilang lagi banyaknya; maka dua keti rakyat Jawa yang pergi itu; maka segala rakyat Jawa pun pergilah. Setelah datang ke Singapura, maka berparanglah dengan orang Singapura."</ref><ref>Leyden, John (1821). ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83132/page/n3/mode/2up?q= Malay Annals: Translated from the Malay language]''. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83132/page/n101/mode/2up?q= p. 86]: "The bitara immediately fitted out 300 junks together with the vessels calúlús, pelang, and jongkong in numbers beyond calculation, and embarked on board of them two Cati of Javans (200,000). Then having set sail, they arrived at Singhapura, and immediately engaged in battle."</ref> The last king, [[Parameswara (king)|Parameswara]], fled to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula to establish the [[Melaka Sultanate]] in 1400.

==== Regreg War ====
{{main|Regreg War}}
A war of succession, called the [[Regreg War]], is thought to have occurred from 1405 to 1406.<ref name="ricklefs" />{{rp|page=18}} The war was fought as a contest of succession between the [[Trowulan|western court]] led by [[Wikramawardhana]] and the [[Blambangan|eastern court]] led by [[Bhre Wirabhumi]]. Wikramawardhana was victorious. Wirabhumi was caught and decapitated. However the civil war drained financial resources, exhausted the kingdom, and weakened Majapahit's grip on its outer vassals and colonies.<ref name="Victor">{{cite book | title = From Majapahit and Sukuh to Megawati Sukarnoputri | author = Victor M. Fic | publisher = Abhinav | date = 2014 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GkMMrDxZYXYC&pg=PA104| page = 104 | isbn = 9788170174042 | access-date =8 April 2022}}</ref>

====Wikramawardhana and Ming expedition====
{{further|Treasure voyages|Battle of Palembang (1407)}}
[[File:Zheng He.png|thumb|upright=1.36|The route of the voyages of Zheng He's fleet, including Majapahit ports]]
During the reign of Wikramawardhana, a series of [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] armada [[Treasure voyages|naval expeditions]] led by [[Zheng He]],<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|241–242}} a [[Muslim]] Chinese admiral, arrived in Java several times spanning the period from 1405 to 1433. These Chinese voyages visited numbers of ports in Asia as far as Africa, including Majapahit ports. It was said that Zheng He has paid a visit to the Majapahit court in Java.

These massive Chinese voyages were not merely a naval exploration, but also a [[Power projection|show of power]] and a display of geopolitical reach. The Chinese Ming dynasty had recently overthrown the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and was eager to establish their hegemony in the world, which changed the geopolitical balance in Asia.<ref name="TOI-Sanyal">{{cite news | title = History of Indian Ocean shows how old rivalries can trigger rise of new forces | work = Times of India | date = 6 August 2016 | author = Sanjeev Sanyal | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/History-of-Indian-Ocean-shows-how-old-rivalries-can-trigger-rise-of-new-forces/articleshow/53577849.cms}}</ref> The Chinese intervened in the politics of the southern seas by supporting Thais against the declining Khmer Empire, supporting and installing allied factions in India, [[Sri Lanka]] and other places in [[Indian Ocean]] coasts. However, perhaps the most significant Chinese intervention was its support for the newly established [[Sultanate of Malacca]] as a rival and counter-weight to the Majapahit influence of Java.<ref name="TOI-Sanyal" />

Previously, Majapahit had succeeded in asserting its influence in Malacca strait by containing the aspiration of Malay polities in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula to ever reach the geopolitical might like those of Srivijaya. The Hindu Majapahit was the most powerful maritime power in Southeast Asian seas that time and were opposed to Chinese expansion into their sphere of influence. The Ming's support for Malacca and the spread of Islam propagated by both Malacca and Zheng He's treasure fleet has weakened Majapahit maritime influence in Sumatra, which caused the northern part of the island to increasingly converting to Islam and gained independence from Majapahit, leaving [[Indragiri River|Indragiri]], [[Jambi]] and [[Palembang]], remnants of the old [[Srivijaya]], the only suzerainty under Majapahit in Sumatra,{{efn | group=note | According to the History of Ming, only these areas in Sumatra were still mentioned as under Javanese / Majapahit supremacy at the time. Read<ref name="notes on the malay archipelago" />}} bordering [[Pagaruyung Kingdom]] on the west and independent Muslim kingdoms on the north.

This Ming dynasty voyages are extremely important for Majapahit historiography, since Zheng He's translator [[Ma Huan]] wrote ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'', a detailed description of Majapahit,<ref name="yingyai" /> which provides valuable insight on the culture, customs, and also various social and economic aspects of Java during Majapahit period.<ref name="Chao-Wa" />

The Chinese provided systematic support to Malacca, and its sultan made at least one trip to personally pay obeisance to the Ming emperor. Malacca actively encouraged the conversion to [[Islam]] in the region, while the Ming fleet actively established Chinese-Malay Muslim community in coastal northern Java, thus created a permanent opposition to the Hindus of Java. By 1430, the expeditions had established Muslim Chinese, Arab and Malay communities in northern ports of Java such as [[Semarang]], [[Demak, Indonesia|Demak]], [[Tuban]], and [[Surabaya|Ampel]]; thus Islam began to gain a foothold on the northern coast of Java. Malacca prospered under Chinese Ming protection, while the Majapahit were steadily pushed back.<ref name="TOI-Sanyal" />

====Queen Suhita====
[[File:Suhita.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The mortuary deified portrait statue of Queen [[Suhita]] (reign 1429–1447), discovered at Jebuk, Kalangbret, Tulungagung, East Java, [[National Museum of Indonesia]]]]
Wikramawardhana ruled until 1429 and was succeeded by his daughter [[Suhita]],<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|242}} who ruled from 1429 to 1447. She was the second child of Wikramawardhana by a concubine who was the daughter of Wirabhumi. She was married to future [[Kelantan]] king Iskandar Shah or Kemas Jiwa in 1427. Both of them had a daughter together and he stayed with her in Java. [[Kelantan]] was ruled by his brother, Sultan Sadik Muhammad Shah, until his death in 1429. This necessitated Kemas Jiwa to return and took the throne as Iskandar, where he declared Kelantan as Majapahit II in Mahligai.<ref name="Malaysiakini 2018">{{cite web | title=Jawa dan Melayu dalam sejarah | website=Malaysiakini | date=2018-08-02 | url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/436967 | language=id | access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=April 2024}} Although ''Pararaton'' listed her husband as Bhra Hyang Parameswara Ratnapangkaja, which suggests she remarried after Kemas Jiwa returned.{{Dubious|date=April 2024}}

The reign of Suhita was the second time Majapahit was reigned by a queen regnant after her great-grandmother Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi. Her reign is immortalized in Javanese legend of [[Damarwulan]], as it involves a maiden queen named Prabu Kenya in the story, and during Suhita's reign there was a war with [[Blambangan]] as stated in the legend.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Claire |author-link1=Claire Holt (art historian) |title=Art in Indonesia: Continuities and Change |date=1967 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-0188-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/artinindonesiaco00holt |language=en |page=276}}</ref>

In 1447, Suhita died and was succeeded by [[Kertawijaya]], her brother.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|242}} He ruled until 1451. After Kertawijaya died, [[Bhre Pamotan]] became a king with formal name Rajasawardhana. He died in 1453. A three-year kingless period was possibly the result of a succession crisis. [[Girisawardhana]], son of Kertawijaya, came to power in 1456. He died in 1466 and was succeeded by Singhawikramawardhana.

====The divide====
In 1468 Prince Kertabhumi rebelled against Singhawikramawardhana, promoting himself as the king of Majapahit. Deposed Singhawikramawardhana retreated upstream of Brantas River, moved the kingdom's capital further inland to [[Kediri (city)|Daha]] (the former capital of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri kingdom]]), effectively splitting Majapahit, under Bhre Kertabumi in Trowulan and Singhawikramawardhana in Daha. Singhawikramawardhana continued his rule until he was succeeded by his son [[Girindrawardhana]] (Ranawijaya) in 1474.

And in between this period of the dividing court of Majapahit, the kingdom found itself unable to control its western part of the already crumbling empire. The rising power of the [[Sultanate of Malacca]] began to gain effective control of the [[Strait of Malacca|Malacca Strait]] in the mid-15th century and expanding its influence to Sumatra. And amidst these events, Indragiri and Siantan, according to [[Malay Annals]] were given to Malacca as a dowry for the marriage of a Majapahit princess and the [[Mansur Shah of Malacca|sultan of Malacca]],<ref name="Leyden">Leyden, John (1821), [https://books.google.com/books?id=J9JAAAAAYAAJ ''Malay Annals (translated from the Malay language)''], Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown.</ref> further weakening Majapahit's influence on the western part of the archipelago. Kertabhumi managed to stabilize this situation by allying with Muslim merchants, giving them trading rights on the north coast of Java, with [[Demak Regency|Demak]] as its centre and in return asked for their loyalty to Majapahit. This policy boosted the Majapahit treasury and power but weakened Hindu-Buddhism as its main religion because [[Dawah|Islamic proselytizing]] spread faster, especially in Javanese coastal principalities. Hindu-Buddhist followers' grievances later paved the way for Ranawijaya to defeat Kertabumi.

Dates for the end of the Majapahit Empire range from 1478, traditionally described in ''sinengkalan'' or ''chandrasengkala'' ([[chronogram]]) ''Sirna ilang kertaning bhumi'' that is correspond to 1400 [[Saka era|Saka]], to 1527.{{efn | group=note | 1=The year 1400 saka is marked among Javanese today with ''[[chronogram|candrasengkala]]'' "''sirna ilang kertaning bumi''" (the wealth of earth disappeared and diminished) (''sirna'' = 0, ''ilang'' = 0, ''kerta'' = 4, ''bumi'' = 1).}}<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Ricklefs|first=Merle Calvin|year=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/m.-c.-ricklefs-a-history-of-modern-indonesia-since-c.-1200-red-globe-press-2008/page/4/mode/2up|title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200 Fourth Edition (E-Book version)|edition=4th|location=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230546851|pages=}}</ref>{{rp|36}} The year 1478 was the year of [[Sudarma Wisuta war]], when Ranawijaya's army under general Udara (who later became vice-regent) breached Trowulan defences and killed Kertabumi in his palace,<ref>Pararaton, p. 40, "...&nbsp;bhre Kertabhumi&nbsp;... bhre prabhu sang mokta ring kadaton i saka sunyanora-yuganing-wong, 1400".</ref><ref>See also: Hasan Djafar, Girindrawardhana, 1978, p. 50.</ref> but not the actual fall of Majapahit itself as a whole.

Demak sent reinforcements under [[Sunan Ngudung]], who later died in battle and was replaced by [[Sunan Kudus]], but they came too late to save Kertabumi although they managed to repel the Ranawijaya army. This event is mentioned in Trailokyapuri (Jiyu) and Petak inscription, where Ranawijaya claimed that he already defeated Kertabhumi and reunited Majapahit as one Kingdom.<ref name="SNI448">Poesponegoro & Notosusanto (1990), pp. 448–451.</ref> Ranawijaya ruled from 1474 to 1498 with the formal name Girindrawardhana, with Udara as his vice-regent. This event led to the war between the [[Sultanate of Demak]] and [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Daha]] since Demak rulers were descendants of Kertabhumi.{{Dubious|date=May 2024}}

During this period, [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]], being the dominant ruler of the Javanese coastal lands and Java as a whole, seized the region of Jambi and Palembang in Sumatra from Majapahit.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|154–155}}

====Demak invasion and the fall of Majapahit====
[[File:Masjid Agung Demak.jpg|thumb|left|[[Demak Sultanate|Demak]] was the earliest Islamic polity in Java that replaced Majapahit.]]
In 1498, there was a turning point when Girindrawardhana was deposed by his vice-regent, Udara. After this coup, the war between Demak and Majapahit receded, since [[Raden Patah]], Sultan of Demak, left Majapahit alone like his father had done before, some source said Udara agreed to become a vassal of Demak, even marrying Raden Patah's youngest daughter.

Meanwhile, in the west, [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|Malacca was captured by Portuguese in 1511]]. The delicate balance between Demak and Majapahit ended when Udara, seeing an opportunity to eliminate Demak, asked for [[Portuguese Malacca|Portuguese]] help in Malacca, forcing Demak to attack both Malacca and Majapahit under [[Demak Sultanate#Adipati Yunus|Adipati Yunus]] to end this alliance.{{efn | group=note | 1= V.<ref>M. B. Rahimsyah. ''Legenda dan Sejarah Lengkap Walisongo''. (Amanah, Surabaya, tth), p. 50</ref> Another paper noted that the reasons for the attacks Demak (led by Adipati Yunus) to Majapahit (Girindrawardhana period) are a backlash against Girindrawardhana who had defeated Adipati Yunus' grandfather Prabu Bhre Kertabumi (Prabu Brawijaya V).<ref>Marwati Djoenoed Poesponegoro dan Nugroho Notosusanto. Sejarah Nasional Indonesia. Jilid II. Cetakan V. (PN. Balai Pustaka, Jakarta, 1984), p. 451</ref>}}

With the fall of Majapahit, crushed by Demak in 1527,<ref name=":11" />{{rp|54–55}} the Muslim emerging forces finally defeated the remnants of the Majapahit kingdom in the early 16th century;<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi        = 10.1525/ae.1983.10.4.02a00030
| title      = Ritual and cultural reproduction in non-Islamic Java
| journal    = American Ethnologist
| volume     = 10
| issue      = 4
| year       = 1983
| last1      = Hefner | first1 = R. W.
| pages      = 665–683
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> and with the fall of Majapahit, a large number of courtiers, artisans, priests, and members of the royalty moved east to the island of [[Bali]]. The refugees fled to the east to avoid Demak retribution for their support for Ranawijaya against Kertabhumi.

Demak came under the leadership of Raden (later crowned as Sultan) Patah, who was acknowledged as the legitimate successor of Majapahit. According to Babad Tanah Jawi and Demak tradition, the source of Patah's legitimacy was because their first sultan, Raden Patah, was the son of Majapahit king Brawijaya V with a Chinese concubine. Another argument supports Demak as the successor of Majapahit; the rising Demak sultanate was easily accepted as the nominal regional ruler, as Demak was the former Majapahit vassal and located near the former Majapahit realm in eastern Java.

Demak established itself as the regional power and the first Islamic sultanate in Java. After the fall of Majapahit, the Hindu kingdoms in Java only remained in [[Pasuruan]], [[Panarukan]], and [[Blambangan]]<ref name=":18">Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened; Notosusanto, Nugroho (2019) [2008]. ''[https://archive.org/details/sejarah-nasional-indonesia-jilid-3-zaman-islam/mode/2up?q Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Edisi Pemutakhiran Jilid 3: Zaman Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Kerajaan Islam di Indonesia]''. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.</ref>{{Rp||page=7}} on the eastern edge and [[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda Kingdom Pajajaran]] in the western part. Gradually [[Hindu]] communities began to retreat to the mountain ranges in East Java and also to the neighbouring island of [[Bali]]. A small enclave of [[Tenggerese people|Hindu communities]] remain in the [[Tengger caldera|Tengger]] mountain range.