Editing Madison, Wisconsin (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Madison Wisconsin 05-04-2015 110 (17349544126).jpg|thumb|[[List of tallest buildings in Madison|Skyline of Madison]] in 2015 |alt=Madison, Wisconsin skyline]]

Madison is located in the center of Dane County in south-central Wisconsin, {{convert|77|mi|km|0}} west of [[Milwaukee]] and {{convert|122|mi|km|0}} northwest of [[Chicago]]. Downtown Madison is located on an [[Madison Isthmus|isthmus]] between [[Lake Mendota]] and [[Lake Monona]]; the city's trademark of "Lake, City, Lake" reflects this geography.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://capitalcitiesusa.org/?p=11096|title=Capital Cities USA & The Journey Beyond &#124; Lake, City, Lake|website=capitalcitiesusa.org}}</ref> Madison completely surrounds the suburbs of [[Maple Bluff]], [[Monona, Wisconsin|Monona]], and [[Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin|Shorewood Hills]]. Madison shares borders with its largest suburb, [[Sun Prairie, Wisconsin|Sun Prairie]], and three other suburbs, [[Middleton, Wisconsin|Middleton]], [[McFarland, Wisconsin|McFarland]], and [[Fitchburg, Wisconsin|Fitchburg]]. Other suburbs include [[Cottage Grove, Wisconsin|Cottage Grove]], [[DeForest, Wisconsin|DeForest]], [[Verona, Wisconsin|Verona]] and [[Waunakee]] as well as [[Mount Horeb, Wisconsin|Mount Horeb]], [[Oregon, Wisconsin|Oregon]], [[Stoughton, Wisconsin|Stoughton]], and [[Cross Plains, Wisconsin|Cross Plains]] further into Dane County.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|94.03|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|76.79|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|17.24|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{Cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=July 2, 2012 |access-date=November 18, 2012 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>  The city's lowest elevation is the intersection of Regas Road and Corporate Drive on the east side, at {{Convert|836.9|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The highest elevation is located along Pleasant View Road on the far west side of the city, atop a portion of a terminal [[moraine]] of the Green Bay Lobe of the [[Wisconsin glaciation]], at {{Convert|1190|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tarr |first1=Joe |title=City's Highest / Lowest Point |url=https://isthmus.com/news/cover-story/highs-and-lows-views-from-above-and-below/ |access-date=January 5, 2023 |work=[[Isthmus (newspaper)|Isthmus]] |date=July 21, 2016 |language=en-us}}</ref>

The city is sometimes described as "The City of Four Lakes", comprising the four successive lakes of the [[Yahara River]]: Lake Mendota ("Fourth Lake"), Lake Monona ("Third Lake"), [[Lake Waubesa]] ("Second Lake") and [[Lake Kegonsa]] ("First Lake"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Wisconsin History: Four Lakes |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=9293&term_type_id=2&term_type_text=Places&letter=F |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523184708/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=9293&term_type_id=2&term_type_text=Places&letter=F |archive-date=May 23, 2006 |access-date=October 24, 2006 |publisher=[[Wisconsin Historical Society]]}}</ref> although Waubesa and Kegonsa are not actually in Madison, but just south of it. A fifth smaller lake, [[Lake Wingra]], is within the city as well; it is connected to the Yahara River chain by Wingra Creek. The Yahara flows into the [[Rock River (Mississippi River)|Rock River]], which flows into the [[Mississippi River]].

===Neighborhoods===
[[File:Madison 05-26-2012 012 (7398591826).jpg|thumb|[[State Street (Madison)|State Street]] connects Capitol Square to the University of Wisconsin campus.]]

Local identity varies throughout Madison, with over 120 officially recognized neighborhood associations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Madison Website, Communities and Neighborhoods |url=http://www.cityofmadison.com/residents/Community/index.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307231044/http://www.cityofmadison.com/residents/Community/index.cfm |archive-date=March 7, 2011 |access-date=March 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Elbow |first=Steven |title=Madison's Williamson-Marquette neighborhood named one of nation's top 10 |language=en |work=madison.com |url=https://madison.com/ct/news/local/writers/steven_elbow/madison-s-williamson-marquette-neighborhood-named-one-of-nation-s/article_0175770c-9f42-532c-b9d2-9fac08f86d1b.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718030525/https://madison.com/ct/news/local/writers/steven_elbow/madison-s-williamson-marquette-neighborhood-named-one-of-nation-s/article_0175770c-9f42-532c-b9d2-9fac08f86d1b.html |archive-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref> Historically, the north, east, and south sides were [[blue collar]] while the west side was [[white-collar worker|white collar]], and to a certain extent this remains true. Students dominate on the University of Wisconsin campus and to the east into downtown, while university faculty have been a major presence in the neighborhoods to its south and in [[Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin|Shorewood Hills]] to its west.

Capitol Square is Madison's central business district, featuring high-rise apartments, restaurants, shops, museums, and the [[Wisconsin State Capitol]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Capitol Neighborhoods |url=http://www.cityofmadison.com/neighborhoods/profile/14.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326012936/http://www.cityofmadison.com/neighborhoods/profile/14.html |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=City of Madison }}</ref> It hosts public events including the [[Dane County Farmers' Market]], [[Concerts on the Square]], and the [[Art Fair on the Square]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armitage |first=Lynn |title=Capitol Neighborhoods: The heart of the city |url=https://www.channel3000.com/madison-magazine/city-life/capitol-neighborhoods-the-heart-of-the-city/456666567 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326012928/https://www.channel3000.com/madison-magazine/city-life/capitol-neighborhoods-the-heart-of-the-city/456666567 |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=Channel3000 |publisher=Madison Magazine}}</ref> [[State Street (Madison)|State Street]] connects the University of Wisconsin campus to Capitol Square and is home to numerous bars and theaters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2016 |title=5 Great Things About State Street: Downtown Madison's 'Forever Street' |url=https://www.theedgewater.com/the-madison-experience/5-great-things-state-street-downtown-madisons-forever-street/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827223859/https://www.theedgewater.com/the-madison-experience/5-great-things-state-street-downtown-madisons-forever-street/ |archive-date=August 27, 2020 |access-date=September 6, 2020 |website=The Edgewater}}</ref> [[Langdon Street Historic District|Langdon Street]] is another main road in the area, known for its [[fraternity]] and [[sorority]] houses.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mosiman |first1=Dean |title=UW students seek Langdon-area historic district |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/education/university/uw-students-seek-langdon-area-historic-district/article_f3036d52-f8a6-5502-a666-628a01a5e30d.html |website=Madison.com |date=September 15, 2013 |publisher=Wisconsin State Journal |accessdate=March 28, 2019}}</ref>

The Dudgeon-Monroe neighborhood neighbors downtown Madison. It is located around Monroe Street, a commercial area which has local shops, coffee houses, dining and galleries and features Wingra Park, where people rent paddle boats and canoes at a boathouse on [[Lake Wingra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dudgeon-Monroe Neighborhood |url=https://www.cityofmadison.com/neighborhoods/profile/19.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326005853/https://www.cityofmadison.com/neighborhoods/profile/19.html |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=City of Madison }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Canoe & Kayak Rental - Parks - City of Madison, Wisconsin |url=https://www.cityofmadison.com/parks/canoekayakrental/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302171311/https://www.cityofmadison.com/parks/canoekayakrental/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |website=www.cityofmadison.com}}</ref> The Hilldale area comprises the Hill Farms-University neighborhood, Sunset Village neighborhood, and part of Shorewood Hills. The area contains [[Hilldale Shopping Center]] and a suburban setting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Barry |title=University Hill Farms neighborhood features long-time residents, newcomers and development |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/neighborhoods/university-hill-farms-neighborhood-features-long-time-residents-newcomers-and/article_d5750023-42ab-5c82-86e5-28420a54158b.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326005848/https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/neighborhoods/university-hill-farms-neighborhood-features-long-time-residents-newcomers-and/article_d5750023-42ab-5c82-86e5-28420a54158b.html |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=Madison.com |date=September 26, 2016 |publisher=Wisconsin State Journal}}</ref>

The Marquette neighborhood sits on the near-east side of Madison and Williamson Street, its main thoroughfare, is known for locally owned shops and restaurants, including the [[Willy Street Cooperative|Willy Street Co-op]]. Houses in the Marquette neighborhood are included in the [[Marquette Bungalows Historic District]] and [[Orton Park Historic District]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Marquette Neighborhood Association |url=http://www.cityofmadison.com/neighborhoods/profile/49.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326005856/http://www.cityofmadison.com/neighborhoods/profile/49.html |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=City of Madison }}</ref> The area is also the location of festivals like the Waterfront Festival, [[La Fete de Marquette]], Orton Park Festival, and Willy Street Fair. The Williamson-Marquette area is a hub for Madison's [[bohemian culture]], known for colorfully painted houses and murals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Barry |title=Iconic Madison neighborhoods Willy Street, Monroe Street celebrate 40th year events |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/iconic-madison-neighborhoods-willy-street-monroe-street-celebrate-th-year/article_dfd89f86-4389-5283-8501-70b62add72dc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326005848/https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/iconic-madison-neighborhoods-willy-street-monroe-street-celebrate-th-year/article_dfd89f86-4389-5283-8501-70b62add72dc.html |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=Madison.com |date=September 17, 2017 |publisher=Wisconsin State Journal}}</ref>

Park Street, a diverse area in southern Madison, passes through several neighborhoods including Burr Oaks and Greenbush. It has been described as the "most racially and economically diverse area of Madison" and is home to ethnic restaurants and stores.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rath |first=Jay |title=Welcome to Madison's Park Street: Its checkered past gives way to a bright future |url=https://isthmus.com/archive/scenes/welcome-to-madisons-park-street-its-checkered-past-gives-way-to-a-bright-future/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326005848/https://isthmus.com/archive/scenes/welcome-to-madisons-park-street-its-checkered-past-gives-way-to-a-bright-future/ |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=Isthmus |quote=''"It's by far the most racially and economically diverse area of Madison," says Lindsey Lee, owner of Cargo Coffee, 1309 S. Park St. Lee''}}</ref>

===Climate===
Madison, along with the rest of the state, has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfa''), characterized by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance: winter temperatures can be well below freezing, with moderate to occasionally heavy snowfall and temperatures reaching {{convert|0|°F|1|disp=or}} on 17 mornings annually; high temperatures in summer average in the lower 80s °F (27–28&nbsp;°C), reaching {{convert|90|°F|1}} on an average 12 afternoons per year,<ref name="NOAA" /><!--{{Cite web |date=August 2011 |title=NCDC: U.S. Climate Normals |url=http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/wi/474961.pdf |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref>--> with lower humidity levels than winter but higher than spring. Summer accounts for a greater proportion of annual rainfall, but winter still sees significant precipitation.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Madison, Wisconsin ([[Dane County Regional Airport]]), 1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1869–present{{efn|Official weather records for Madison were kept at downtown from January 1869 to December 1946 and at KMSN since January 1947. For more information, see [http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/ ThreadEx].}}
|collapsed =
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 58
|Feb record high F = 70
|Mar record high F = 83
|Apr record high F = 94
|May record high F = 101
|Jun record high F = 101
|Jul record high F = 107
|Aug record high F = 102
|Sep record high F = 99
|Oct record high F = 90
|Nov record high F = 77
|Dec record high F = 68
|year record high F = 107
|Jan avg record high F = 46.2
|Feb avg record high F = 51.3
|Mar avg record high F = 67.1
|Apr avg record high F = 79.1
|May avg record high F = 85.6
|Jun avg record high F = 91.0
|Jul avg record high F = 92.2
|Aug avg record high F = 90.4
|Sep avg record high F = 87.6
|Oct avg record high F = 79.4
|Nov avg record high F = 63.9
|Dec avg record high F = 50.8
|year avg record high F = 94.1
|Jan high F = 27.0
|Feb high F = 31.2
|Mar high F = 43.6
|Apr high F = 56.9
|May high F = 69.0
|Jun high F = 78.6
|Jul high F = 82.1
|Aug high F = 79.9
|Sep high F = 72.9
|Oct high F = 59.6
|Nov high F = 44.8
|Dec high F = 32.3
|year high F = 56.5
|Jan mean F = 19.4
|Feb mean F = 23.0
|Mar mean F = 34.4
|Apr mean F = 46.3
|May mean F = 58.1
|Jun mean F = 68.0
|Jul mean F = 71.9
|Aug mean F = 69.7
|Sep mean F = 62.0
|Oct mean F = 49.7
|Nov mean F = 36.7
|Dec mean F = 25.3
|year mean F = 47.0
|Jan low F = 11.8
|Feb low F = 14.9
|Mar low F = 25.1
|Apr low F = 35.8
|May low F = 47.1
|Jun low F = 57.4
|Jul low F = 61.6
|Aug low F = 59.5
|Sep low F = 51.0
|Oct low F = 39.8
|Nov low F = 28.7
|Dec low F = 18.2
|year low F = 37.6
|Jan avg record low F = -10.6
|Feb avg record low F = -5.5
|Mar avg record low F = 4.2
|Apr avg record low F = 21.3
|May avg record low F = 32.1
|Jun avg record low F = 43.2
|Jul avg record low F = 49.9
|Aug avg record low F = 48.1
|Sep avg record low F = 35.8
|Oct avg record low F = 25.3
|Nov avg record low F = 12.2
|Dec avg record low F = -2.6
|year avg record low F = -13.9
|Jan record low F = −37
|Feb record low F = −29
|Mar record low F = −29
|Apr record low F = 0
|May record low F = 19
|Jun record low F = 31
|Jul record low F = 36
|Aug record low F = 35
|Sep record low F = 25
|Oct record low F = 12
|Nov record low F = −14
|Dec record low F = −28
|year record low F = -37
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 1.47
|Feb precipitation inch = 1.52
|Mar precipitation inch = 2.26
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.78
|May precipitation inch = 4.10
|Jun precipitation inch = 5.28
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.51
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.16
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.43
|Oct precipitation inch = 2.77
|Nov precipitation inch = 2.22
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.63
|year precipitation inch = 37.13
|Jan snow inch = 13.7
|Feb snow inch = 12.8
|Mar snow inch = 7.0
|Apr snow inch = 2.6
|May snow inch = 0.1
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.6
|Nov snow inch = 3.0
|Dec snow inch = 12.0
|year snow inch = 51.8
|Jan snow depth inch = 8.0
|Feb snow depth inch = 8.4
|Mar snow depth inch = 5.5
|Apr snow depth inch = 1.4
|May snow depth inch = 0.1
|Jun snow depth inch = 0.0
|Jul snow depth inch = 0.0
|Aug snow depth inch = 0.0
|Sep snow depth inch = 0.0
|Oct snow depth inch = 0.2
|Nov snow depth inch = 1.4
|Dec snow depth inch = 6.0
|year snow depth inch = 10.7
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 10.6
|Feb precipitation days = 9.7
|Mar precipitation days = 10.6
|Apr precipitation days = 12.6
|May precipitation days = 12.7
|Jun precipitation days = 11.7
|Jul precipitation days = 10.2
|Aug precipitation days = 9.4
|Sep precipitation days = 9.2
|Oct precipitation days = 10.1
|Nov precipitation days = 9.6
|Dec precipitation days = 10.0
|year precipitation days = 126.4
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 10.1
|Feb snow days = 8.6
|Mar snow days = 5.3
|Apr snow days = 1.9
|May snow days = 0.1
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.5
|Nov snow days = 3.2
|Dec snow days = 8.2
|year snow days = 37.9
|Jan humidity = 74.5
|Feb humidity = 73.1
|Mar humidity = 71.4
|Apr humidity = 66.3
|May humidity = 65.8
|Jun humidity = 68.3
|Jul humidity = 71.0
|Aug humidity = 74.4
|Sep humidity = 76.8
|Oct humidity = 73.2
|Nov humidity = 76.9
|Dec humidity = 78.5
|Jan sun = 143.0
|Feb sun = 152.3
|Mar sun = 187.3
|Apr sun = 206.7
|May sun = 263.1
|Jun sun = 293.1
|Jul sun = 304.9
|Aug sun = 270.2
|Sep sun = 213.8
|Oct sun = 172.5
|Nov sun = 111.4
|Dec sun = 109.5
|Jan percentsun = 49
|Feb percentsun = 52
|Mar percentsun = 51
|Apr percentsun = 51
|May percentsun = 58
|Jun percentsun = 64
|Jul percentsun = 66
|Aug percentsun = 63
|Sep percentsun = 57
|Oct percentsun = 50
|Nov percentsun = 38
|Dec percentsun = 39
|year percentsun = 54
|source 1 = [[NOAA]] (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)<ref name="NOAA">{{Cite web |title=NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mkx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508190345/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mkx |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |access-date=June 13, 2021 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref><ref name="NOAA txt">{{Cite web |title=Station: Madison Dane RGNL AP, WI |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014837&format=pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519012213/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014837&format=pdf |archive-date=May 19, 2021 |access-date=June 13, 2021 |website=U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020) |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref><ref name="NOAAsun">{{Cite web |title=WMO Climate Normals for MADISON/DANE CO REGIONAL ARPT, WI 1961–1990 |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP4/72641.TXT |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713060131/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP4/72641.TXT |archive-date=July 13, 2020 |access-date=March 10, 2014 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>
}}