Editing Macedonian language (section)

===Consonants===
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| footer = A 1962 map of the use of the intervocalic phonemes ''kj'' and ''gj'' in Macedonian
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The consonant inventory of the Macedonian language consists of 26 letters and distinguishes three groups of consonants ({{lang|mk|согласки|italic=no}}): [[voiced]] ({{lang|mk|звучни|italic=no}}), [[voicelessness|voiceless]] ({{lang|mk|безвучни|italic=no}}) and [[sonorant]] consonants ({{lang|mk|сонорни|italic=no}}).{{sfn|Friedman|2001}} Typical features and rules that apply to consonants in the Macedonian language include [[assimilation (phonology)|assimilation]] of voiced and voiceless consonants when next to each other, devoicing of vocal consonants when at the end of a word, double consonants and elision.{{sfn|Friedman|2001}}{{sfn|Bojkovska|Minova-Gjurkova|Pandev|Cvetanovski|2008|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}} At morpheme boundaries (represented in spelling) and at the end of a word (not represented in spelling), voicing opposition is [[Final-obstruent devoicing|neutralized]].{{sfn|Friedman|2001}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonants{{sfn|Friedman|2001|p=11}}{{sfn|Lunt|1952|pp=11–12}}
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n̪}}{{ref|1|<sup>1</sup>}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
|
| {{IPA link|c}}{{ref|3|<sup>3</sup>}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɟ}}{{ref|3|<sup>3</sup>}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|t̪͡s̪}}
|
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|d̪͡z̪}}
|
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s̪}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|x}}{{ref|2|<sup>2</sup>}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z̪}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɫ̪}}{{ref|1|<sup>1</sup>}}
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}}{{ref|1|<sup>1</sup>}}
|
|
|}

<!-- {| class="standard" style="text-align: center;" -->

{{note|1|1}} The alveolar trill ({{IPA|/r/}}) is [[Syllabic consonant|syllabic]] between two consonants; for example, {{angbr|прст}} {{IPA|[ˈpr̩st]}} 'finger'. The dental nasal ({{IPA|/n/}}) and dental lateral ({{IPA|/ɫ/}}) are also syllabic in certain foreign words; e.g. {{angbr|њутн}} {{IPA|[ˈɲutn̩]}} '[[Newton (unit)|newton]]', {{angbr|Попокатепетл}} {{IPA|[pɔpɔkaˈtɛpɛtɫ̩]}} '[[Popocatépetl]]', etc. The [[labiodental nasal]] {{IPA|[ɱ]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/m/}} before {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/v/}} (e.g. {{angbr|трамвај}} {{IPA|[ˈtraɱvaj]}} '[[tram]]').{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} The [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}} similarly occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} before {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} (e.g. {{angbr|англиски}} {{IPA|[ˈaŋɡliski]}} 'English').{{sfn|Friedman|2001|page=11}} The latter realization is avoided by some speakers who strive for a clear, formal pronunciation.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

{{note|2|2}} Inherited Slavic {{IPA|/x/}} was lost in the Western dialects of Macedonian on which the standard is based, having become zero initially and mostly {{IPA|/v/}} otherwise. {{IPA|/x/}} became part of the standard language through the introduction of new foreign words (e.g. {{lang|mk|хотел|italic=no}}, hotel), [[toponym]]s ({{lang|mk|Пехчево|italic=no}}, [[Pehčevo]]), words originating from Old Church Slavonic ({{lang|mk|дух|italic=no}}, ghost), newly formed words ({{lang|mk|доход|italic=no}}, income) and as a means to disambiguate between two words ({{lang|mk|храна|italic=no}}, food vs. {{lang|mk|рана|italic=no}}, wound). This explains the rarity of Х in the Macedonian language.{{sfn|Friedman|2001|page=11}}

{{note|3|3}} They exhibit different pronunciations depending on dialect. They are dorso-palatal stops in the standard language and are pronounced as such by some native speakers.{{sfn|Friedman|2001|page=11}}