Editing Lviv (section)

===Habsburg Empire===
[[File:Old map of Lviv (cropped).jpg|thumb|18th century map of Lemberg (Lviv, Lwów)]]
In 1772, following the [[First Partition of Poland]], the region was annexed by the [[Habsburg monarchy]] to the [[Austrian Partition]]. Known in German as ''Lemberg'', the city became the capital of the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Lemberg |volume= 16 | pages = 409–410 |short= 1}}</ref> Lemberg grew dramatically during the 19th century, increasing in population from approximately 30,000 at the time of the Austrian annexation in 1772,<ref name="TC">Tertius Chandler. (1987) ''Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: A Historical Census''. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellon Press</ref> to 196,000 by 1910<ref>{{Cite book |title=Prorok we własnym kraju. Iwan Franko i jego Ukraina (1856–1886) |last=Hrytsak |first=Yaroslav |year=2010 |location=Warsaw |pages=151}}</ref> and to 212,000 three years later;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hrytsak |first=Yaroslav |title=Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=24 |pages=54}}</ref> rapid population growth brought about an increase in urban squalor and [[poverty in Austrian Galicia]].<ref name="New International">[https://books.google.com/books?id=qxooAAAAYAAJ&q=lemberg New International Encyclopedia, Volume 13.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102033537/https://books.google.com/books?id=qxooAAAAYAAJ&dq=105%2C469+Roman+Catholics+population+1910&q=lemberg#v=snippet&q=lemberg&f=false |date=2 January 2016 }} Lemberg 1915, p. 760.</ref> In the late 18th and early 19th centuries a large influx of Austrians and German-speaking Czech bureaucrats gave the city a character that by the 1840s was quite Austrian, in its orderliness and in the appearance and popularity of Austrian coffeehouses.<ref name="multi">Chris Hann, Paul R. Magocsi.(2005). ''Galicia: Multicultured Land.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 193</ref>

During Habsburg rule, Lviv became one of the most important Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish cultural centres. In Lviv, according to the Austrian census of 1910, which listed religion and language, 51% of the city's population was [[Roman Catholics]], 28% Jews, and 19% belonged to the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]. Linguistically, 86% of the city's population used the [[Polish language]] and 11% preferred [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]].<ref name="New International" />

[[File:Lwow Panorama Raclawicka.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Racławice Panorama]] opened in 1894]]
In 1773, the first newspaper in Lemberg, ''Gazette de Leopoli'', began to be published. In 1784, a [[Latin language]] university was opened with lectures in [[German language|German]], [[Polish language|Polish]] and even [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]; after closing in 1805, it was reopened in 1817. By 1825, German became the sole language of instruction.<ref name="multi" /> [[University of Lviv|Lemberg University]] was opened by [[Maria Theresa]] in 1784. By 1787, her successor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] opened "Studium Ruthenum" for students who did not know enough Latin to take regular courses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC |title=The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 |date=2004-07-11 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10586-5 |page=123 |language=en |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117115802/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSpEynLxJ1MC |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 19th century, the Austrian administration attempted to [[Germanisation|Germanise]] the city's educational and governmental institutions. Many cultural organisations which did not have a pro-German orientation were closed. After the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire|revolutions of 1848]], the language of instruction at the university shifted from German to include Ukrainian and Polish. Around that time, a certain [[sociolect]] developed in the city known as the [[Lwów dialect]]. Considered to be a type of Polish dialect, it draws its roots from numerous other languages besides Polish. In 1853, [[kerosene lamp]]s as [[street light]]ing were introduced by [[Ignacy Łukasiewicz]] and Jan Zeh. Then in 1858, these were updated to [[Gas lighting|gas lamps]], and in 1900 to [[Electric light|electric ones]].

[[File:Stanislav Skarbek Theatre in Lviv.jpg|thumb|[[:pl:Stanisław Skarbek (1780–1848)|Stanisław Skarbek]] Theatre in 1900]]

After the so-called "[[Ausgleich]]" of February 1867, the [[Austrian Empire]] was reformed into a dualist [[Austria-Hungary]] and a slow yet steady process of liberalisation of Austrian rule in Galicia started. From 1873, Galicia was ''de facto'' an autonomous province of [[Austria-Hungary]], with Polish and [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]] as official languages. [[Germanisation]] was halted and censorship lifted as well. [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] was subject to the Austrian part of the Dual Monarchy, but the [[Diet of Galicia|Galician Sejm]] and provincial administration, both established in Lviv, had extensive privileges and prerogatives, especially in education, culture, and local affairs. In 1894, the [[General National Exhibition in Lviv|General National Exhibition]] was held in Lviv.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://lia.lvivcenter.org/en/storymaps/exhibition-after/ |title=The General Regional Exhibition of Galicia |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126151938/https://lia.lvivcenter.org/en/storymaps/exhibition-after/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The city started to grow rapidly, becoming the fourth largest in Austria-Hungary, according to the census of 1910. Many [[Belle Époque]] public edifices and tenement houses were erected, with many of the buildings from the Austrian period, such as the [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet]], built in the [[Vienna|Viennese]] neo-Renaissance style.

[[File:Sejm Galicyjski.jpg|thumb|[[Diet of Galicia|The Galician Sejm]] (until 1918), since 1920 the [[Jan Kazimierz University]]]]

At that time, Lviv was home to a number of renowned Polish-language institutions, such as the [[Ossolineum]], with the second-largest collection of Polish books in the world, the [[Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences|Polish Academy of Arts]], the [[National Museum of Poland|National Museum]] (since 1908), the Historical Museum of the City of Lwów (since 1891), the [[Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists]], the [[Polish Historical Society]], [[Lviv University|Lwów University]], with Polish as the official language since 1882, the [[Lwów Scientific Society]], the [[Lviv National Art Gallery|Lwów Art Gallery]], the [[Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet|Polish Theatre]], and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv|Polish Archdiocese]].

Furthermore, Lviv was the centre of a number of Polish independence organisations. In June 1908, [[Józef Piłsudski]], [[Władysław Sikorski]] and [[Kazimierz Sosnkowski]] founded the [[Union of Active Struggle]] in the city. Two years later, the paramilitary organisation, called the [[Riflemen's Association]], was also founded in the city by Polish activists.

At the same time, Lviv became the city where famous Ukrainian writers (such as [[Ivan Franko]], [[Panteleimon Kulish]] and [[Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky]]) published their work. It was a centre of Ukrainian cultural revival. The city also housed the largest and most influential Ukrainian institutions in the world, including the [[Prosvita]] society dedicated to spreading literacy in the Ukrainian language, the [[Shevchenko Scientific Society]], the Dniester Insurance Company and base of the [[Ukrainian cooperative movement]], and it served as the seat of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Catholic Church]]. However, the Polish-dominated city council blocked Ukrainian attempts to create visible monuments for their own. The most important streets had names referring to Polish history and literature, and only minor roads referred to Ukrainians.<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Mick|author-first=Christoph|chapter=Lemberg/Lwów/L'viv - die multiethnische Stadt|editor=Matthias Weber, Burkhard Olschowsky, Ivan Petranský, Attila Pók, Andrzej Przewoźnik|title=Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit und Perspektiven|publisher=Oldenbourg|year= 2011|language=de|pages=127}}</ref>

Lviv was also a major centre of Jewish culture, in particular as a centre of the [[Yiddish language]], and was the home of the world's first Yiddish-language daily newspaper, the ''Lemberger Togblat'', established in 1904.<ref>Paul Robert Magocsi. (2005) Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.12–15</ref>

====First World War====
[[File:Lemberg 1915 Mariyska.jpg|thumb|right|Lemberg (Lviv, Lwów) in 1915]]
In the [[Battle of Galicia]] at the early stages of the [[First World War]], Lviv was captured by the [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian army]] in September 1914 following the [[Battle of Gnila Lipa]]. The Lemberg Fortress fell on 3 September. The historian [[Pál Kelemen]] provided a first-hand account of the chaotic evacuation of the city by the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] and civilians alike.<ref>{{cite web |title=03 September 1914 – The Fall Of Lemberg |url=http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607 |website=The Great War Blog |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=9 July 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806184945/http://ww1blog.osborneink.com/?p=607 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The town was retaken by [[Austria-Hungary]] in June of the following year during the [[Gorlice–Tarnów offensive]]. Lviv and its population, therefore, suffered greatly during the First World War as many of the offensives were fought across its local geography causing significant [[collateral damage]] and disruption.<ref name="PB2">{{cite book |last1=Buttar |first1=Prit |title=Germany Ascendant, The Eastern Front 1915 |date=2017 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=9781472819376 |pages=260–263}}</ref>