Editing Luoyang (section)

===Sui and Tang dynasties===
When [[Emperor Yang of Sui]] took control in 604 AD he founded the new Luoyang on the site of the existing city using a layout inspired by his father [[Emperor Wen of Sui]]'s work in newly rebuilt Chang'an.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Robert B.|last=Marks|title=China: Its Environment and History|year=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVHL2mYajAC&q=China:+Its+Environment+and+History|isbn=978-1442212756|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122554/https://books.google.com/books?id=iXVHL2mYajAC&q=China:+Its+Environment+and+History#v=snippet&q=China%3A%20Its%20Environment%20and%20History&f=false|url-status=live}} p. 116</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schinz|first=Alfred|year=1996|title=The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China|publisher=Edition Axel Menges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&q=The+Magic+Square:+Cities+in+Ancient+China&pg=PA380|isbn=3930698021|access-date=2020-10-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122555/https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&q=The+Magic+Square:+Cities+in+Ancient+China&pg=PA380#v=snippet&q=The%20Magic%20Square%3A%20Cities%20in%20Ancient%20China&f=false|url-status=live}} p. 167-169.</ref>

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|
| image1 = 20210220 A model of Luoyang in Sui and Tang dynasty, Henan Museum.jpg| 
| image2 = 洛阳明堂天堂遗址中明堂的复原模型 (cropped).jpg
| footer = Model of Luoyang palace city during Wu Zetian's reign. Many major construction projects were commissioned during Wu Zetian's time, such as the {{ill|Bright Hall|zh|明堂}} of Luoyang ''(right)'' commissioned by Wu Zetian (original 294 ''chi'' = 93m tall).<ref>《资治通鉴·唐纪·唐纪二十》：辛亥，明堂成，高二百九十四尺，方三百尺。凡三层：下层法四时，各随方色。中层法十二辰；上为圆盖，九龙捧之。上层法二十四气；亦为圆盖，上施铁凤，高一丈，饰以黄金。中有巨木十围，上下通贯，栭栌棤藉以为本。下施铁渠，为辟雍之象。号曰万象神宫。</ref>
}}
[[File:Luoyang Pavilion.jpg|thumb|''The Luoyang Pavilion'' by Li Zhaodao (675–758)]]

During the [[Tang dynasty]], Luoyang was Dongdu ({{lang|zh-hant|東都}}), the "Eastern Capital", and at its height had a population of around one million, second only to Chang'an, which, at the time, was the largest city in the world.<ref>Abramson (2008), p. viii.</ref>

During an interval in the Tang dynasty, the first and the only empress in Chinese history – [[Wu Zetian|Empress Wu]], moved the capital of her Zhou dynasty to Luoyang and named it as Shen Du (Capital of the God). She constructed the tallest palace in Chinese history, which is now in the site of Sui Tang Luoyang city. Luoyang was heavily damaged during the [[An Lushan Rebellion]].<ref name=":0" />

[[Epitaph]]s were found dating from the Tang dynasty of a Christian couple in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman, Lady An (安氏), who died in 821, and her Nestorian Christian Han Chinese  husband, Hua Xian (花献), who died in 827. These Han Chinese Christian men may have married Sogdian Christian women because of a lack of Han Chinese women belonging to the Christian religion, limiting their choice of spouses among the same ethnicity.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow  |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |chapter= |publisher=University of Texas at Dallas |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=109-135, viii, xv, 156, 164, 115, 116|access-date=}}</ref> Another epitaph in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman also surnamed An was discovered and she was put in her tomb by her military officer son on 22 January, 815.  This Sogdian woman's husband was surnamed He (和) and he was a Han Chinese man and the family was indicated to be multiethnic on the epitaph pillar.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |chapter= |publisher=University of Texas at Dallas |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=155-156, 149, 150, viii, xv |access-date= |archive-date=2022-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709073558/https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In Luoyang, the mixed raced sons of Nestorian Christian Sogdian women and Han Chinese men has many career paths available for them. Neither their mixed ethnicity nor their faith were barriers and they were able to become civil officials, a military officers and openly celebrated their Christian religion and support Christian monasteries.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Morrow |first=Kenneth T. |date=May 2019 |title=Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China |type=PhD thesis |docket= |oclc= |url=https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |pages=164 |access-date= |archive-date=2022-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709073558/https://utd-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/10735.1/6946/ETD-5608-017-MORROW-260204.19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Central Asians like Sogdians were called "Hu" (胡) by the Chinese during the Tang dynasty. Central Asian "Hu" women were stereotyped as barmaids or dancers by Han in China. Occasionally, "Hu" women would be involved in prostitution as the "Hu" women in China were at times in occupations that doubled as illicit services.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abramson|first=Marc S.|series=Encounters with Asia|author-link=|date=2011|title=Ethnic Identity in Tang China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22vast+numbers+of+non-Han+women+served+in+subordinate+positions%22&pg=PA20|location=|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|page=20|isbn=978-0812201017|access-date=2022-07-18|archive-date=2024-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710123533/https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22vast+numbers+of+non-Han+women+served+in+subordinate+positions%22&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=%22vast%20numbers%20of%20non-Han%20women%20served%20in%20subordinate%20positions%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Luoyang in Han Dynasty.gif|282x282px|thumb|Map of Luoyang during the Eastern Han dynasty when it was the capital of China]]

During the short [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]], Luoyang was the capital of the [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]] (only for a few years before the court moved to [[Kaifeng]]) and [[Later Tang]] dynasty.