Editing Luise Rainer (section)

==Later life and career==
[[File:Luise Rainer in Dramatic School trailer 2.JPG|thumb|1938 publicity photo]]
While in Europe, Rainer studied medicine and explained she loved being accepted as "just another student", rather than as a screen actress.<ref name="port">"Luise Rainer Resumes Her Film Career" by John Todd, ''[[The Port Arthur News]]'', 18 April 1943, p. 21</ref> She returned to the stage and made her first appearance at the [[Palace Theatre, Manchester|Palace Theatre]], Manchester, on 1 May 1939 as Françoise in Jacques Deval's play ''Behold the Bride''; she played the same part in her London debut at the [[Shaftesbury Theatre (1888)|Shaftesbury Theatre]] on 23 May. Returning to America, she played the lead in [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s ''[[Saint Joan (play)|Saint Joan]]'' on 10 March 1940 at the Belasco Theatre in Washington, D.C. under the direction of German emigrant director [[Erwin Piscator]]. She made her first appearance on the New York stage at the [[Music Box Theatre]] in May 1942 as Miss Thing in [[J. M. Barrie]]'s ''A Kiss for Cinderella''.<ref name="Parker"/>

She made an appearance in ''[[Hostages (1943 film)|Hostages]]'' in 1943 and abandoned film making in 1944 after marrying publisher Robert Knittel. She initially did not plan on returning to the screen, but explained her comeback in 1943 by saying:

<blockquote>All the professor and the other students cared about was whether I could answer the questions, not whether I could come to class looking glamorous. But after that brief return to the stage, I began to realize that all the doors which had been opened to me in Europe, and all the work I had been able to accomplish for refugee children, was due to the fact that people knew me from my screen work. I began to feel a sense of responsibility to a job which I had started and never finished. When I also felt, after that experience at Dennis, that perhaps I did have talent after all, and that my too-sudden stardom was not just a matter of happy accident, I decided to go back.<ref name="port"/></blockquote>

When Rainer returned to Hollywood, her contract at MGM had long expired and she had no agent.<ref name="port"/> David Rose, head of [[Paramount Pictures]], offered her a starring role in an English film shot on location, but war conditions prevented her from accepting the role.<ref name="port"/> Instead, Rose suggested in 1942 that she make a screen test for the lead role in ''[[For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)|For Whom the Bell Tolls]]'' (1943), but [[Ingrid Bergman]] was cast.<ref name="tcm"/> Rainer eventually settled on a role in ''Hostages'' (1943) and told the press about the role: "It's certainly not an Academy Award part, and thank goodness, my bosses don't expect me to win an award with it. ... No, this is something unspectacular but I hope, a step back in the right direction."<ref name="port"/>

[[File:Luise Rainer-Maurice Marsac in Combat!.JPG|thumb|Rainer in the TV series ''[[Combat!]]'', episode "Finest Hour" (1965), publicity still<!-- Note: it has been disputed that the actor is Ramon Novarro not Maurice Marsac so leaving unnamed -->]]
Rainer took her oath of allegiance to the United States<!-- remember she previously claimed she was a US citizen by birth by dint of her father's adoption in Texas --> in the 1940s, but she and Knittel lived in the UK and Switzerland<ref name="spunky"/> for most of their marriage. Robert Knittel died in 1989.<ref name="glamour"/> The couple had one daughter, Francesca Knittel, now known as Francesca Knittel-Bowyer. Rainer had two granddaughters, Luisa and Nicole, and two great-grandchildren, Luca and Hunter.<ref>BBC, Radio 4, Today programme, 23 February 2011</ref>

[[Federico Fellini]] enticed her to play the cameo role of Dolores in his 1960 Oscar-winning classic ''[[La Dolce Vita]]'', to the point of her travelling to the Rome location, but she quit the production prior to shooting, a fact that has been attributed either to her resistance to an unwanted sex scene or to her insistence on overseeing her own dialogue.<ref name="glamour"/> The role was later cut from the eventual screenplay.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} She made sporadic television and stage appearances following her and her husband's move to Britain, appearing in an episode of the [[World War II]] television series ''[[Combat!]]'' in 1965. She took a dual role in a 1984 episode of ''[[The Love Boat]]''. For the latter, she received a standing ovation from the crew.<ref name="spunky"/> She appeared in ''[[The Gambler (1997 film)|The Gambler]]'' (1997) in a small role, marking her film comeback at the age of 86.<ref name="glamour"/> She made appearances at the 1998 and 2003 Academy Awards ceremonies as part of special retrospective tributes to past Oscar winners.

On 12 January 2010, Rainer celebrated her [[Centenarian|centenary]] in London.<ref>{{cite news|first=Tim|last=Walker|title=Actress Luise Rainer celebrates centenary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6968340/Actress-Luise-Rainer-celebrates-centenary.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116070514/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6968340/Actress-Luise-Rainer-celebrates-centenary.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2010|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=11 January 2010|access-date=12 January 2010}}</ref> Actor Sir [[Ian McKellen]] was one of her guests. During that month, she was present at the [[British Film Institute]] tribute to her at the [[National Film Theatre]], where she was interviewed by [[Richard Stirling]] before screenings of ''The Good Earth'' and ''The Great Waltz''. She also appeared onstage at the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]], where she was interviewed by Sir [[Christopher Frayling]]. In April 2010, she returned to Hollywood to present a [[Turner Classic Movies|TCM]] festival screening of ''The Good Earth'', accompanied by [https://www.tcm.com/search/?text=luise%20rainer%20-%20live%20from%20the%20tcm%20classic%20film%20festival&type=allSite an interview] with host [[Robert Osborne]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Susan|last=King|title=Luise Rainer's 100 years of fortitude|date=1 May 2010|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/movies/la-et-luise-rainer-20100501,0,5341885.story|work =[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Boulevard-der-stars-IMG 1211x.JPG|thumb|right|Rainer in September 2011 receiving a star on the Boulevard der Stars]]

Rainer has a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 6300 Hollywood Boulevard.

On 5 September 2011, then 101-year-old Rainer travelled to [[Berlin]] to receive a star on the Boulevard der Stars. Her star was among the 21 stars issued in 2011 and followed the 20 that were issued in 2010. The star was issued as an exception and was not without controversy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/ein-stern-fuer-luise/|title = Ein Stern für Luise|date = 21 December 2010}}</ref> Rainer had been forgotten when the Boulevard der Stars opened in 2010, despite being Germany's only Academy Award-winning actress. In 2011, she was initially rejected by the jury ([[Senta Berger]], Gero Gandert, Uwe Kammann, [[Dieter Kosslick]] and Hans Helmut Prinzler) despite being nominated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Boulevard der Stars: And The Oscar Goes To: Luise Rainer|date=13 December 2010|url=http://boulevard-der-stars-berlin.de/and-the-oscar-goes-to-luise-rainer|access-date=9 October 2011|archive-date=12 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012131455/http://boulevard-der-stars-berlin.de/and-the-oscar-goes-to-luise-rainer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A prolonged campaign started in October 2010, led by music executive Paul Baylay, who had noticed Rainer's omission on the Boulevard.<ref>{{cite news|title=Local Reader helps film legend Luise Rainer get spot on Boulevard der Stars|url=http://www.thelocal.de/20110826/37155|work=TheLocal.de|date=26 August 2011}}</ref> Baylay campaigned in Germany, lobbying press and politicians to support the campaign to have the actress and her work recognised. The campaign was supported by the [[Central Council of Jews in Germany|Central Council of Jews]]. In August 2011, the Boulevard der Stars finally relented, acknowledging the Facebook, email, and letter campaign led by Baylay had been key in their decision to awarding an extra star to Rainer.