Editing Lugus (section)

==Later mythology==
===Lugh in Irish mythology===
[[Lugh|Lugh Lamfhota]] (literally, "Long-armed Lugh") is an [[Irish mythology|Irish mythological]] figure from the [[Mythological Cycle]] and the [[Ulster Cycle]]. He is portrayed as a leading member of the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]], a supernatural race in medieval Irish literature often thought to represent [[euhemerized]] pre-Christian deities. Alongside [[Fionn mac Cumhaill]] and [[Cú Chulainn]] (Lugh's supernatural son), he is one of the three great heroes of the Irish mythological tradition.<ref name=MacKillopLugh>{{cite encyclopedia |first=James |last=MacKillop |title=Lug Lámfhota |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Celtic Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |edition=Online |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198609674.001.0001/acref-9780198609674-e-3067 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=James |last=MacKillop |title=Tuatha Dé Danann |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Celtic Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |edition=Online |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198609674.001.0001/acref-9780198609674-e-3684 }}</ref> The Irish celebrated [[Lughnasa]], a [[harvest festival]] which fell on 1 August and which, according to Irish tradition, was established by Lugh in honour of his foster mother.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=James |last=MacKillop |title=Lughnasa  |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Celtic Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |edition=Online |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198609674.001.0001/acref-9780198609674-e-3087 }}</ref>

Arbois de Jubainville made the connection between Lugh and Lugus.<ref name=Hutton/>{{rp|69–70}} He adduced two connections between Irish Lugh and Celtic Lugus. Firstly, he drew attention to the (above discussed) correspondence between Lugh's epithet {{lang|mga|Samildánach}} ("master of all arts") and Caesar's description of Gaulish Mercury.<ref name=MaierCaesar/>{{rp|127}} Secondly, he pointed out that an annual [[Sanctuary of the Three Gauls|''concillium'' of the Gauls]] in Lugdunum/Lyon, instituted in 12 BCE in honour of the emperor [[Augustus]], fell on exactly the same day as Lughnasa. He suggested that both must ultimately derive from a Celtic festival in honour of Lugus.<ref name=MaierCaesar/>{{rp|130}}<ref name=Drinkwater/>{{rp|111}} Recent scholarship has tended to dismiss this as a coincidence.<ref name=Ovist/>{{rp|515}}{{efn|1=There are a number of reasons 1 August may have been chosen for a festival in honour of Augustus: [[Roman calendar#Later reforms|the month bore his name]]<ref name=MaierCaesar/>{{rp|130}} and the date was the anniversary of his political victory over [[Mark Antony|Antony]] and [[Cleopatra]].<ref name=Drinkwater>{{cite book |title=Roman Gaul: The Three Provinces, 58 BC - AD 260 |location=Oxford / New York |last=Drinkwater |first=J. F. |publisher=Routledge |date=2014 }}</ref>{{rp|111–113}}}} Maier has pointed out that the Continental Celts used a [[lunar calendar]], whereas the Irish used a [[solar calendar]], so continuity of a seasonal festival would be unlikely.<ref name=MaierCaesar/>{{rp|130}}

===Lleu in Welsh mythology===
[[File:Jesus-College-MS-111 00370 185v (cropped) Math fab Mathonwy .jpg|thumb|The opening lines of the Fourth Branch of the ''[[Mabinogi]]'']] 
[[Lleu Llaw Gyffes]] (literally, "Lleu of the Skillful Hand" or "Steady Hand") is one of the protagonists of the Fourth Branch of the ''[[Mabinogi]]'', a set of Welsh stories compiled in the 12th-13th centuries. He is a prince whose story culminates in him becoming ruler of [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]].<ref name=Hutton/>{{rp|68}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=James |last=MacKillop |title=Lleu Llaw Gyffes |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Celtic Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |edition=Online |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198609674.001.0001/acref-9780198609674-e-3002 }}</ref> Though not depicted as other than human, Lleu is depicted with extraordinary or magical skills, like many other characters in [[Welsh mythology]].<ref name=Hutton/>{{rp|75}} Lleu (or characters similar to him) appears in other works of medieval Welsh literature. Notable examples are Lluch Llavynnauc (Lluch "of the Striking Hand" or Lluch "Equipped with a Blade") in ''[[Pa gur]]''; Lluch Lleawc (Lluch "the Death Dealing") in ''[[Preiddeu Annwn]]''; and Llwch Llawwynnyawe (Lluch "of the Striking Hand") in ''[[Culhwch and Olwen|Culhwch]]''.<ref name=Hutton/>{{rp|69}}

[[John Rhys]] was the first to relate Lleu to Lugus, which he did in 1888. Rhys drew a comparison between an episode in the ''Mabinogi'', wherein Lleu and his foster father [[Gwydion]] produce gold-ornamented shoes, and the inscription from Uxama Argaela, where the Lugoves are invoked by a group of shoemakers. This parallel has received a mixed reception.<ref name=Hutton/>{{rp|70–71}} [[Joseph Loth]] felt that the episode was minor and the conclusion extravagant.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Loth |first=Joseph |title=Le Mabinogi de Math vab Mathonwy d'aprés W. J. Gruffydd et la mèthode en celto-mythologie |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6473497q/f288 |journal=Revue Celtique |volume=46 |date=1929 |pages=272–300 }}</ref>{{rp|297–299}} [[Jan de Vries (philologist)|Jan de Vries]] agreed with Rhys, and further argued that the "Lugoves" in this inscription were Lleu and Gwydion.<ref name=deVries>{{cite book |last=de Vries |first=Jan |title=Keltische Religion |date=1961 |url=https://archive.org/details/keltischereligio0000vrie |url-access=registration |location=Stuttgart |publisher=W. Kohlhammer }}</ref>{{rp|52}}

===Lugus-Lugh-Lleu?===
Though the stories told of Lleu and Lugh do not show many similarities,<ref name=Hutton/>{{rp|75}} comparisons have been drawn between epithets of Lleu and Lugh: Lleu is {{lang|wlm|Llaw Gyffes}} ("of the Skillful Hand") and Lugh is {{lang|mga|Samildánach}} ("master of all arts"); Lleu is {{lang|wlm|Llawwynnyawe}} ("of the Striking Hand") and Lugh is {{lang|mga|Lonnbémnach}} ("of the Fierce Blows").<ref name=Hutton/>{{rp|71}} [[Ronald Hutton]] points out that medieval Welsh and Irish literature are known to have borrowed superficially from each other (for example, the similar in name but dissimilar in character Welsh [[Manawydan fab Llŷr]] and Irish [[Manannán mac Lir]]). This would suffice to explain the common epithets.<ref name=Hutton/>{{rp|75}}

[[Welsh language|Welsh]] Lleu and [[Irish language|Irish]] Lugh are both linguistically correct as [[reflex (linguistics)|reflex]]es of a Gaulish or [[Common Brittonic|Brittonic]] name Lugus.<ref name=Hutton/>{{rp|70}} Hutton notes that a medieval borrowing cannot explain the linguistic relationship between Lugh and Lleu. For the names to be cognate, their common origin must be prior to the respective sound changes [[Phonological history of Old Irish|in Irish]] and [[Brittonic languages#Sound changes|in Welsh]].<ref name=Hutton/>{{rp|75}} Jessica Hemming argues that, insofar as Lugus is entirely absent from the epigraphic record in Britain and Ireland, the etymology is questionable.<ref name=Hemming>{{cite book |last=Hemming |first= Jessica |chapter=Ancient tradition or authorial invention? The 'mythological' names in the Four Branches |editor-first=Joseph Falaky |editor-last=Nagy |title= Myth in Celtic literatures |volume=6 |location= Dublin |publisher= Four Courts Press |date=2007 |pages=83–104 }}</ref>{{rp|102}}