Editing Lisbon (section)

===Modern era===
[[File:Lisbon, the Palácio Nacional da Ajuda.JPG|thumb|The [[Palace of Ajuda]] was built as a residence for the [[King of Portugal]] following the [[1755 Lisbon Earthquake]].]]

In the first years of the 19th century, Portugal was invaded by the troops of [[Napoléon Bonaparte]], forcing Queen [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]] and Prince-Regent [[John VI of Portugal|John]] (future John VI) to flee temporarily to Brazil. By the time the new King returned to Lisbon, many of the buildings and properties were pillaged, sacked or destroyed by the invaders.

During the 19th century, the Liberal movement introduced new changes into the urban landscape. The principal areas were in the ''Baixa'' and along the ''Chiado'' district, where shops, tobacconists shops, cafés, bookstores, clubs and theatres proliferated. The development of industry and commerce determined the growth of the city, seeing the transformation of the [[Passeio Público (Lisbon)|Passeio Público]], a Pombaline era park, into the [[Avenida da Liberdade]], as the city grew farther from the Tagus.

Lisbon was the site of the [[Lisbon Regicide|regicide]] of [[Carlos I of Portugal]] in 1908, an event which culminated two years later in the establishment of the First Republic.
[[File:Proclamação República Portuguesa.jpg|thumb|right|The [[5 October 1910 revolution|Proclamation of the Portuguese Republic]] in 1910]]
[[File:33286-Padrão dos Descobrimentos (36569390292).jpg|thumb|[[Monument of the Discoveries]] was built for the [[Portuguese World Exhibition|1940 Portuguese World Exhibition]].]]

The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the ''Escola Politécnica'' – now ''Faculdade de Ciências''). Today there are two public universities in the city ([[University of Lisbon]] and [[New University of Lisbon]]), a public university institute ([[ISCTE - Lisbon University Institute]]) and a [[polytechnic (Portugal)|polytechnic]] institute (IPL – [[Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa]]).

During [[Portugal in World War II|World War II]], Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S. and a haven for spies. More than 100,000 refugees were able to flee [[Nazi Germany]] via Lisbon.<ref>"[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Portugal.html Portugal] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121130631/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Portugal.html |date=21 January 2017 }}". The Virtual Jewish History Tour.</ref>

During the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime (1926–1974), Lisbon, under the influence of [[Duarte Pacheco]], the minister of works, was expanded at the cost of other districts within the country, resulting in nationalist and monumental projects. New residential and public developments were constructed; the zone of [[Belém (Lisbon)|Belém]] was modified for the [[Portuguese World Exhibition|1940 Portuguese Exhibition]], while along the periphery new districts appeared to house the growing population. The inauguration of the bridge over the Tagus allowed a rapid connection between both sides of the river.

Lisbon was the site of three revolutions in the 20th century. The first, the [[5 October 1910 revolution]], brought an end to the [[Portuguese monarchy]] and established the highly unstable and corrupt [[Portuguese First Republic]]. The [[28 May 1926 coup d'état|6 June 1926 revolution]] ended the first republic and firmly established the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]], or the [[Portuguese Second Republic]], as the ruling regime.