Editing Liquid-crystal display (section)

===1980s===
In 1983, researchers at [[Brown, Boveri & Cie]] (BBC) Research Center, [[Switzerland]], invented the ''[[super-twisted nematic]] (STN) structure'' for [[passive matrix]]-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,<ref>European Patent No. EP 0131216: Amstutz H., Heimgartner D., Kaufmann M., Scheffer T.J., "Flüssigkristallanzeige," October 28, 1987.</ref> {{US patent|4634229}} and many more countries. In 1980, Brown Boveri started a 50/50 joint venture with the Dutch Philips company, called Videlec.<ref>{{cite book|first =Gernot H.|last= Gessinger|title = Materials and Innovative Product development|publisher = Elsevier|date= 2009| page = 204|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-3Lu_bW2PZoC&dq=videlec+Philips+Brown+Boveri&pg=PA204|isbn =9780080878201}}</ref> Philips had the required know-how to design and build integrated circuits for the control of large LCD panels. In addition, Philips had better access to markets for electronic components and intended to use LCDs in new product generations of hi-fi, video equipment and telephones. In 1984, Philips researchers Theodorus Welzen and Adrianus de Vaan invented a video speed-drive scheme that solved the slow response time of STN-LCDs, enabling high-resolution, high-quality, and smooth-moving video images on STN-LCDs.{{cn|date=November 2023}} In 1985, Philips inventors Theodorus Welzen and Adrianus de Vaan solved the problem of driving high-resolution STN-LCDs using low-voltage (CMOS-based) drive electronics, allowing the application of high-quality (high resolution and video speed) LCD panels in battery-operated portable products like notebook computers and mobile phones.<ref name="EP0221613B1">Low Drive Voltage Display Device; T.L. Welzen; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; European patent EP0221613B1; July 10, 1991, filed November 4, 1985; https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0221613B1&KC=B1&FT=D&ND=4&date=19910710&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP# {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308070138/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0221613B1&KC=B1&FT=D&ND=4&date=19910710&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP |date=March 8, 2021 }}; US patent US4783653A; https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=4783653A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=5&date=19881108&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP# {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308111248/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=4783653A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=5&date=19881108&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP |date=March 8, 2021 }}</ref> In 1985, Philips acquired 100% of the Videlec AG company based in Switzerland. Afterwards, Philips moved the Videlec production lines to the Netherlands. Years later, Philips successfully produced and marketed complete modules (consisting of the LCD screen, microphone, speakers etc.) in high-volume production for the booming mobile phone industry.

The first color [[LCD televisions]] were developed as [[handheld television]]s in Japan. In 1980, [[Hattori Seiko]]'s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.<ref name="spin">''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=ImJFcBcCvUoC&pg=PA55 Jul 1985, page 55]</ref> In 1982, [[Seiko Epson]] released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/14_tv_watch.html|title=TV Watch - Epson|website=global.epson.com|access-date=April 10, 2019|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224123342/https://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/14_tv_watch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="peres">Michael R. Peres, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NMJxyAwGvKcC&pg=PA306 ''The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography'', page 306], [[Taylor & Francis]]</ref> Sharp Corporation introduced [[Dot matrix display|dot matrix]] TN-LCD in 1983.<ref name="auburn" /> In 1984, Epson released the ET-10, the first full-color, pocket LCD television.<ref>[https://www.epson.co.uk/viewcon/corporatesite/cms/index/28 A HISTORY OF CREATING INSPIRATIONAL TECHNOLOGY]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}, [[Epson]]</ref> The same year, [[Citizen Watch]],<ref name="science">''[[Popular Science]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=lgAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA150 May 1984, page 150]</ref> introduced the Citizen Pocket TV,<ref name="spin" /> a 2.7-inch color LCD TV,<ref name="science" /> with the first commercial [[TFT LCD]].<ref name="spin" /> In 1988, Sharp demonstrated a 14-inch, active-matrix, full-color, full-motion TFT-LCD. This led to Japan launching an LCD industry, which developed large-size LCDs, including TFT [[computer monitor]]s and LCD televisions.<ref name="kawamoto">Hirohisa Kawamoto (2013), [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6487587/ The history of liquid-crystal display and its industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615084655/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6487587 |date=June 15, 2021 }}, ''HISTory of ELectro-technology CONference (HISTELCON), 2012 Third IEEE'', [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]], {{doi|10.1109/HISTELCON.2012.6487587}}</ref> Epson developed the [[3LCD]] projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988.<ref>[https://www.epson.co.uk/gb/en/viewcon/corporatesite/cms/index/11298 Find out what is an LCD Projector, how does it benefit you, and the difference between LCD and 3LCD here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810211351/http://www.epson.co.uk/gb/en/viewcon/corporatesite/cms/index/11298/ |date=August 10, 2014}}, Epson</ref> Epson's VPJ-700, released in January 1989, was the world's first [[Handheld projector|compact]], full-color [[LCD projector]].<ref name="peres" />