Editing Liliales (section)

==== Phyletic systems ====

Subsequent authors, now adopting a [[phylogenetic]] (phyletic) or [[evolutionary]] approach over the natural method,{{sfn|Stuessy|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC&pg=PA43 p.&nbsp;43]}} did not follow Bentham's nomenclature. [[August W. Eichler|Eichler]] (1886) used Liliiflorae for the higher order including Liliaceae, placing it as the first order (''Reihe'') in his class monocotyledons,{{sfn|Eichler|1886|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 p.&nbsp;34]}} as did [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] (1903),{{sfn|Engler|1903|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/127/mode/1up p.&nbsp;93]}} [[Lotsy]] (1911),{{sfn|Lotsy|1911}} and [[Richard Wettstein|Wettstein]] in 1924, in class Monocotyledones, subdivision Angiospermae.{{sfn|Wettstein|1924}}

[[John Hutchinson (botanist)|Hutchinson]] (1973){{sfn|Hutchinson|1973}} restored Liliales for the higher rank, an approach that has been adopted by most major classification systems onwards, reserving Liliiflorae for higher ranks. These include [[Arthur Cronquist|Cronquist]] (1981),{{sfn|Cronquist|1981}} [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] (1985),{{sfn|Dahlgren et al|1985}} [[Takhtajan]] (1997){{sfn|Takhtajan|1997}} as well as [[Robert Folger Thorne|Thorne]] and [[James Reveal|Reveal]] (2007).{{sfn|Thorne|Reveal|2007}}

[[Hutchinson system|Hutchinson]] (1973) derived a more elaborate hierarchy, placing order Liliales as one of 14 in division Corolliferae, one of three divisions of [[subphylum]] monocotyledons. [[Cronquist system|Cronquist]] (1981) placed the order Liliales as one of two in subclass [[Liliidae]], one of five in the class [[Liliopsida]] (monocotyledons) of division [[Magnoliophyta]] (angiosperms). [[Dahlgren system|Dahlgren]] (1985) made Liliales one of six orders in Superorder Liliiflorae, one of ten divisions of the monocots. [[Takhtajan system|Takhtajan]] (1997) had a more complex system of higher taxonomic ranks, placing Liliales as one of 15 orders within [[superorder]] [[Lilianae]], one of four within subclass [[Liliidae]]. Liliidae in turn was one of four subclasses in class [[Liliopsida]] (monocots).{{sfn|Reveal|1997}} In contrast [[Thorne system|Thorne and Reveal]] (2007) abandoned the use of monocotyledons as a distinct taxon, replacing it with 3 separate subclasses of Magnoliopsida (angiosperms), of which [[Liliidae]] consists of 3 superorders, placing Liliales in superorder [[Lilianae]].{{sfn|Thorne|Reveal|2007}}

In all these systems, Liliales (or Liliiflorae) were visualised as either a direct division of the monocots (or equivalent) or were placed in an intermediate division of the monocots, such as superorder Lilianae.{{sfn|Singh|2019|loc=pp.&nbsp;239–273}}