Editing Libertarian socialism (section)

=== Spanish Revolution ===
[[File:Milicianas_CNT-FAI.png|thumb|right|[[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarchist]] [[Milicianas in the Spanish Civil War|militiawomen]] during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936|1936 Revolution]]]]
Libertarian socialism reached its apex of popularity with the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]], during which libertarian socialists led "the largest and most successful revolution against capitalism to ever take place in any [[industrial economy]]".{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=138}}

In Spain, traditional forms of [[workers' self-management|self-management]] and [[common ownership]] dated back to the 15th century. The [[Levante, Spain|Levante]], where collective self-management of irrigation was commonplace, became the hotbed of anarchist collectivisation.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=143}} Building on this traditional [[collectivism]], from 1876, the Spanish libertarian socialist movement grew through sustained agitation and the establishment of alternative institutions that culminated in the Spanish Revolution.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=144–145}} During this period, a series of workers' congresses, first convoked by the [[Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA]], debated and refined proposals for the construction of a libertarian socialist society. Over several decades, resolutions from these congresses formed the basis of a specific program on a range of issues, from the structure of communes and the post-revolutionary economy to libertarian cultural and artistic initiatives.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=145–146}} These proposals were published in the pages of widely distributed libertarian socialist periodicals, such as ''[[Solidaridad Obrera (periodical)|Solidaridad Obrera]]'' and ''[[Tierra y Libertad (newspaper)|Tierra y Libertad]]'', which each circulated tens of thousands of copies. By the outbreak of the revolution, the anarcho-syndicalist [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo]] (CNT) enjoyed widespread popularity, counting 1.5 million members within its ranks.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=146}}

During the revolution, the [[means of production]] were brought under [[workers' control]] and [[worker cooperative]]s formed the basis for the new economy.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|p=145}} According to [[Gaston Leval]], the CNT established an agrarian federation in the Levante that encompassed 78% of Spain's most [[arable land]]. The regional federation was populated by 1,650,000 people, 40% of whom lived on the region's 900 agrarian collectives, which were self-organised by peasant unions.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=143–144}}

Although industrial and agricultural production was at its highest in the anarchist-controlled areas of the Spanish Republic, and the [[confederal militias|anarchist militias]] displayed the strongest military discipline, liberals and Communists alike blamed the "[[Sectarianism|sectarian]]" libertarian socialists for the defeat of the Republic in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. These charges have been disputed by contemporary libertarian socialists, such as [[Robin Hahnel]] and [[Noam Chomsky]], who have accused such claims of lacking substantial evidence.{{Sfn|Hahnel|2005|pp=146–147}}