Editing Lawrence, Kansas (section)

===Post-Civil War===
{{see also|History of the University of Kansas}}
[[File:Massachusetts Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas, 38 miles west of Missouri River. (Boston Public Library) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Massachusetts Avenue, {{circa}} 1867]]

Attempts to begin a university in Kansas were first undertaken in 1855,<ref name="Cutler KU">Andreas (1883), pp. 324{{en dash}}25.</ref> but it was only after Kansas became a state in 1861 that those attempts saw any real fruition. An institute of learning was proposed in 1859 as The University of Lawrence, but it never opened. When Kansas became a state, provision was included in the [[Wyandotte Constitution|Kansas Constitution]] for a state university.<ref name="Cutler KU" /> From 1861 to 1863 the question of where the university would be located—Lawrence, [[Manhattan, Kansas|Manhattan]] or [[Emporia, Kansas|Emporia]]—was debated. On January 13, 1863, Manhattan was made the site of the state's [[Land-grant university|land-grant college]],<ref name="Frontier">{{cite book | last = Olson | first = Kevin | title = Frontier Manhattan | publisher = University Press of Kansas | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-7006-1832-3}}</ref> leaving only Lawrence and Emporia as candidates. The fact Lawrence had $10,000 plus interest donated by Amos Lawrence plus 40 acres (160,000&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>) to donate for the university had great weight with the [[Kansas Legislature|legislature]]. Eventually, Lawrence beat out Emporia by one vote, and in 1866, the [[University of Kansas]] (KU) was opened to students.<ref name="Cutler KU" />

[[File:Overlooking Lawerence and the Kansas River. (Boston Public Library) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Old North College, the first building on KU Campus, overlooking Lawrence and the Kansas River, {{circa}} 1867]]

The first railroad that connected Lawrence was built in 1864, starting from Kansas City. It was surveyed by the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division, and the first train to Lawrence traveled on November 28, 1864.<ref name="KSHS Railroad timeline">{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/railroads-in-kansas/15120|access-date=May 25, 2019|title=Railroads in Kansas|author=Kansas Historical Society|date=January 2010|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215160044/https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/railroads-in-kansas/15120|archive-date=December 15, 2018}} Kansas Historical Society's timeline of railroads in Kansas.</ref> The first train to operate in Kansas south of the Kansas River did so by crossing the river in Lawrence on November 1, 1867.<ref name="KSHS 1st rail">{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/p/the-building-of-the-first-kansas-railroad/13060|access-date=May 25, 2019|title=The Building of the First Kansas Railroad|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|date=August 1947|author=Harold J. Henderson|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216133627/https://www.kshs.org/p/the-building-of-the-first-kansas-railroad/13060|archive-date=December 16, 2018}} The Kansas Historical Quarterly, August 1947 (Vol. 15, No. 3), pages 225–239.</ref>

[[File:Windmill, Lawrence, Kansas.jpg|thumb|The wind-powered mill two years before its destruction, c. 1903]]
Facing an energy crisis in the early 1870s, the city contracted with Orlando Darling to construct a dam across the Kansas River to help provide the city with power. After an ice jam broke loose and destroyed part of the incomplete dam in the winter of 1873, Darling resigned and left Lawrence shortly thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.bowersockpower.com/about/our-history |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.bowersockpower.com}}</ref> The Lawrence Land & Water Company completed the dam anyway later that year, but damage to the dam from seasonal floods continued to plague the company, which went into receivership in 1878, after which it was purchased by James H. Gower and his son-in-law, [[Justin De Witt Bowersock|Justin DeWitt Bowersock]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clarke |first=H. S. |date=19 December 1878 |title=Sheriff's Sale |pages=2 |work=The Lawrence Daily Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/60228939/?terms=%22Kansas%20River%22%20and%20%22dam%22&match=1&clipping_id=36629639 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Only after Bowersock assumed responsibility for dam repairs in 1879 did regular damage to the dam cease. The [[Bowersock Dam]], which remains the only hydropower dam in the state of Kansas, helped Lawrence establish itself as an industrial city. The dam closed in 1968 but was reopened in 1977 with help from the city, which wanted to build a new city hall next to the Bowersock Plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bowersockpower.com/about/our-history |title=Our History |website=Bowersockpower.com |access-date=May 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>Andreas (1883), pp. 326{{en dash}}27.</ref>

The first wind-powered mill in Kansas was built in Lawrence in 1863 near the corner of what is now 9th Street and Emery Road.<ref name="KS Windmill1">{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1980autumn_peterson.pdf|title=The Lawrence Windmill|date=Fall 1980|author=John M. Peterson|newspaper=Kansas History, Vol. 3, No. 3, pg. 147 – Autumn 1980|publisher=Kansas Historical Society}} John Peterson's 1980 article about the windmill and its history.</ref> It was partially destroyed during Quantrill's Raid, but it was rebuilt in 1864 at a cost of $9,700.<ref name="KS Windmill2">{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/km/items/view/304788|title=Old windmill in Lawrence, Kansas|access-date=May 24, 2019|publisher=Kansas Historical Society}} Some info about the windmill.</ref> It continued to be operational until July 1885, but on April 30, 1905, it was destroyed in a fire.<ref name="KS Windmill1" />

In 1884 the United States Indian Industrial Training School was opened in Lawrence, a Native American Boarding School with the goal of assimilation. Boys were taught the trades of tailor making, blacksmithing, farming and others while girls were taught cooking and homemaking. Most food was produced on site at the Haskell Farm and students were expected to work in addition to their training. In 1885, the school expanded to include academic training and a commercial department with five typewriters opened, starting the first touch-typing class in Kansas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-10|title=School History {{!}} Haskell Indian Nations University|url=https://www.haskell.edu/about/history/|access-date=2021-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1887 the name was changed to the Haskell Institute, after [[Dudley Haskell]], a legislator responsible for the school being in Lawrence. In 1993 the name was changed again to [[Haskell Indian Nations University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haskell.edu/about.html |title=HINU &#124; About Haskell |website=Haskell.edu |access-date=May 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518023340/http://www.haskell.edu/about.html |archive-date=May 18, 2012 }}</ref>