Editing Lal Bahadur Shastri (section)

==Prime minister (1964–1966)==
{{main|Premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri}}{{See also|Lal Bahadur Shastri ministry}}
Jawaharlal Nehru died in office on 27 May 1964. Then Congress Party president [[K. Kamaraj]] was instrumental in making Shastri prime minister on 9 June. Shastri, though mild-mannered and soft-spoken, was a Nehruvian [[socialist]] and thus held appeal to those wishing to prevent the ascent of conservative right-winger [[Morarji Desai]].

In his first broadcast as prime minister, on 11 June 1964, Shastri stated:<ref name="pib_might_of_peace">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=21051|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri: The Might of Peace|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government Of India|date=29 September 2006|access-date=13 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922025401/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=21051|archive-date=22 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{blockquote|There comes a time in the life of every nation when it stands at the cross-roads of history and must choose which way to go. But for us, there need be no difficulty or hesitation, no looking to right or left. Our way is straight and clear—the building up of a socialist democracy at home with freedom and prosperity for all, and the maintenance of world peace and friendship with all nations.}}

===Domestic policies===
Shastri retained many members of Nehru's [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Council of Ministers]]. [[T. T. Krishnamachari]] was retained as the [[Finance Minister of India]], as was [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]. Further, He appointed [[Swaran Singh]] to succeed him as [[External Affairs Minister]]. He also appointed [[Indira Gandhi]], daughter of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and former Congress President, as the [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]. Gulzarilal Nanda continued as the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=LOK SABHA|url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/LS/ataglace.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521205101/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/LS/ataglace.htm|archive-date=2014-05-21|access-date=2020-12-06|website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref>

{{Main|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}

Lal Bahadur Shastri's tenure witnessed the Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965. The government of India had for a long time made an effort to establish [[Hindi]] as the sole national language of India. This was resisted by the non-Hindi speaking states particularly [[Madras State]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Irschick|first=Eugene F.|url=http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Irschick/Tamil.pdf|title=Tamil revivalism in the 1930s|publisher=Cre-A|year=1986|location=Madras|oclc=15015416|access-date=2020-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610180818/http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Irschick/Tamil.pdf|archive-date=10 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> To calm the situation, Shastri gave assurances that English would continue to be used as the official language as long the non-Hindi speaking states wanted. The riots subsided after Shastri's assurance, as did the student agitation.{{Sfn|Guha|2008|p=187-189}}

===Economic policies===
[[File:Inauguration of MNREC Building Allahabad by Indian PM Shri Lal Bahadur Shashtri.JPG|thumb|left| Inauguration of the Main Building of MNREC Allahabad by Lal Bahadur Shashtri on 18 April 1965]]
Shastri continued Nehru's socialist economic policies with central planning.{{Sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=49}} He promoted the [[Operation Flood|White Revolution]] – a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk – by supporting the [[Amul]] milk co-operative of [[Anand, Gujarat]] and creating the [[National Dairy Development Board]].<ref name="pib_text9089">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=9089|title=Prime Minister Inaugurates Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial: Text Of Dr Manmohan Singh's Speech|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government Of India|date=7 May 2005|access-date=13 March 2007|archive-date=7 May 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507173333/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=9089|url-status=live}}</ref> He visited Anand on 31 October 1964 for inauguration of the Cattle Feed Factory of Amul at Kanjari. As he was keenly interested in knowing the success of this co-operative, he stayed overnight with farmers in a village, and even had dinner with a farmer's family. He discussed his wish with [[Verghese Kurien]], then the General Manager of Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Ltd (Amul) to replicate this model to other parts of the country for improving the socio-economic conditions of farmers. As a result of this visit, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was established at Anand in 1965.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Shyam Benegal |date=September 16, 2017 |title=White knight Verghese Kurien made India largest producer of milk|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/news-makers/story/20170925-lal-bahadur-shastri-gujarat-amul-verghese-kurien-anand-operation-flood-1045163-2017-09-16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913105915/https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/verghese-kurien-father-of-the-white-revolution/story-53Kkrt5QYRv9dqlGwGPkWN.html|archive-date=2020-09-13|access-date=2020-12-07|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

While speaking on the chronic food shortages across the country, Shastri urged people to voluntarily give up one meal so that the food saved could be distributed to the affected populace. However, he ensured that he first implemented the system in his own family before appealing to the country. He went on air to appeal to his countrymen to skip a meal a week. The response to his appeal was overwhelming. Even restaurants and eateries downed the shutters on Monday evenings. Many parts of the country observed the "Shastri Vrat". He motivated the country to maximize the cultivation of food grains by ploughing the lawn himself, at his official residence in New Delhi. During the 22-day war with Pakistan in 1965, On 19 October 1965, Shastri gave the seminal 'Jai Jawan Jai Kishan' ("Hail the soldier, Hail the farmer") slogan at Urwa in Allahabad that became a national slogan. Underlining the need to boost India's food production, Shastri also promoted the [[Green Revolution in India]] in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/from-green-to-ever-green-revolution/499699/|title=From Green to Ever-Green Revolution|date=10 August 2009|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705015225/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/from-green-to-ever-green-revolution/499699/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@worldleadersbio/all-about-the-green-revolution-by-indira-impacts-and-path-ahead-2afeb7cac85d|title=All About The Green Revolution By Indira : Impacts and Path Ahead|last=Biography|first=World Leaders|date=23 February 2017|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705015219/https://medium.com/@worldleadersbio/all-about-the-green-revolution-by-indira-impacts-and-path-ahead-2afeb7cac85d|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/agriculture/paul-ehrlich-norman-borlaug-green-revolution|title=The Stories of Ehrlich, Borlaug and the Green Revolution|website=thewire.in|language=en|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705015232/https://thewire.in/agriculture/paul-ehrlich-norman-borlaug-green-revolution|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to an increase in food grain production, especially in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and Uttar Pradesh. Major milestones in this undertaking were the development of high-yielding varieties of [[wheat]],<ref name="about IARI">{{cite web|title=About IARI|url=http://www.iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161&Itemid=1730|website=IARI|access-date=11 June 2015|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316004157/http://iari.res.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=161&Itemid=1730|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[rust (fungus)|rust]] resistant strains of wheat.<ref name=":0">{{cite web| title = Rust-resistant Wheat Varieties. Work at Pusa Institute| work = The Indian Express| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jcc-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3228,3861741&dq=pusa+institute&hl=en| date = 7 February 1950| access-date = 13 September 2013| archive-date = 12 June 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200612113055/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jcc-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3228,3861741&dq=pusa+institute&hl=en| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Newman|first=Bryan|title=A Bitter Harvest: Farmer Suicide and the Unforeseen Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of the Green Revolution in Punjab, India ." Development Report No. 15. Jan 2007.|publisher=Food First: Institute for Food and Development Policy|accessdate=16 November 2018|via=DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska – Lincoln|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=envstudtheses|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116085745/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=envstudtheses|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:DB-LBS.png|thumb|Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964]]
Though he was a socialist, Shastri stated that India cannot have a regimented type of economy. His government passed the [[National Agricultural Products Board Act]] and was responsible for setting up the [[Food Corporation of India]] under the Food Corporation's Act 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Agricultural Products Board Act, 1964 [39 of 1964] {{!}} Tanzania Legal Information Institute|url=https://tanzlii.org/node/14439|access-date=2020-12-07|website=tanzlii.org}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Jai Jawan Jai Kisan===
{{Main|Jai Jawan Jai Kisan}}
For the outstanding [[slogan]] given by him during the Indo-Pak war of 1965, the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] commemorated Shastri 47 years after his death on his 48th martyr's day:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-04-27|title=Rediff On The NeT: 'Jai jawan, jai kisan aur jai vigyan', Vajpayee coins new slogan|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/20bomb8.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427163522/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/20bomb8.htm|archive-date=27 April 2006|access-date=2020-12-06}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri was one of those great Indians who has left an indelible impression on our collective life. Lal Bahadur Shastri's contribution to our public life were unique in that they were made in the closest proximity to the life of the common man in India. Lal Bahadur Shastri was looked upon by Indians as one of their own, one who shared their ideals, hopes and aspirations. His achievements were looked upon not as the isolated achievements of an individual but of our society collectively.

Under Shastri's leadership India faced and repulsed the Pakistani invasion of 1965. It is not only a matter of pride for the Indian Army but also for every citizen of the country. His slogan '''Jai Jawan! Jai Kisan!!''' reverberates even today through the length and breadth of the country. Underlying this is the inner-most sentiments 'Jai Hind'. The war of 1965 was fought and won for our self-respect and our national prestige. For using our Defence Forces with such admirable skill, the nation remains beholden to Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri. He will be remembered for all times to come for his large heartedness and public service.<ref>''[[Hindustan Times]]'', [[New Delhi]], 11 January 2013, p. 5</ref>}}

===Foreign policy===
Shastri continued Nehru's policy of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]] but also built closer relations with the [[Soviet Union]]. In the aftermath of the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962 and the formation of military ties between China and Pakistan, Shastri's government decided to expand the country's defence budget.{{Sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=23-26}}
In 1964, Shastri signed an accorresponsibilities of local governments to provide adequate facilities to shelter the repatriates upon disembarkation on Indian soil. Particularly in the Madras State the Chief Minister during that time, Minjur K. Bhaktavatsalam, showed care in rehabilitation of the returnees. In December 1965, Shastri made an official visit with his family to Rangoon, Burma and re-established cordial relations with the country's military government of General [[Ne Win]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maung (U)|first=Maung|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pceAAAAMAAJ|title=Burma and General Ne Win|date=1969|publisher=Religious Affairs Department Press|pages=145–146|isbn=9780210981962 |language=en|author-link=Maung Maung}}</ref>

===War with Pakistan===
{{Main|Second India–Pakistan War}}
Laying claim to half the [[Kutch|Kutch peninsula]], the [[Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971|Pakistani army]] skirmished with Indian forces in August 1965. In his report to the [[Lok Sabha]] on the confrontation in [[Kutch]], Shastri stated:<ref name="pib_might_of_peace" /><ref name="britannica" />

{{blockquote|In the utilization of our limited resources, we have always given primacy to plans and projects for economic development. It would, therefore, be obvious for anyone who is prepared to look at things objectively that India can have no possible interest in provoking border incidents or in building up an atmosphere of strife... In these circumstances, the duty of Government is quite clear and this duty will be discharged fully and effectively... We would prefer to live in poverty for as long as necessary but we shall not allow our freedom to be subverted.}}

On 1 August 1965, major incursions of militants and Pakistani soldiers began, hoping not only to break down the government but incite a sympathetic revolt. The revolt did not happen, and India sent its forces across the Ceasefire Line (now [[Line of Control]]) and threatened Pakistan by crossing the International Border near [[Lahore]] as war broke out on a general scale. Massive tank battles occurred in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], and while the Pakistani forces made gains in the northern part of subcontinent, Indian forces captured the key post at Haji Pir, in Kashmir, and brought the Pakistani city of [[Lahore]] under artillery and mortar fire.

The India-Pakistan war ended on 23 September 1965 with a [[United Nations]]-mandated ceasefire. In a broadcast to the nation on the day of the ceasefire, Shastri stated:<ref name="pib_might_of_peace"/>

{{blockquote|While the conflict between the armed forces of the two countries has come to an end, the more important thing for the United Nations and all those who stand for peace is to bring to an end the deeper conflict.... How can this be brought about? In our view, the only answer lies in peaceful coexistence. India has stood for the principle of coexistence and championed it all over the world. Peaceful coexistence is possible among nations no matter how deep the differences between them, how far apart they are in their political and economic systems, no matter how intense the issues that divide them.}}
[[File:Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1963.jpg|thumb|Lal Bahadur Shastri with police officers]]
During his tenure as prime minister, Shastri visited many countries including the [[Soviet Union]], [[Yugoslavia]], England, [[Canada]], Nepal, Egypt and [[Burma]].<ref name="rrtd_lbs"/> In October 1964 while returning from the Non Alliance Conference in Cairo, on the invitation of the-then president of Pakistan, [[Ayub Khan|Muhammad Ayub Khan]], to have lunch with him, Shastri made a stopover at [[Jinnah International Airport|Karachi Airport]] for a few hours. Breaking with protocol, Ayub Khan personally received him at the airport and they had an informal meeting.

After the ceasefire with Pakistan in 1965, Shastri and Ayub Khan attended a summit in [[Tashkent]] (former [[USSR]], now in modern [[Uzbekistan]]), organized by [[Alexei Kosygin]]. On 10 January 1966, Shastri and Ayub Khan signed the [[Tashkent Declaration]] which formally ended the war.<ref name="britannica" />