Editing Kyrgyz language (section)

== Morphology and syntax ==
Kyrgyz follows a [[Subject–object–verb word order|subject-object-verb]] word order, Kyrgyz also has no [[grammatical gender]] with gender being implied through context. Kyrgyz lacks several [[Analytic language|analytic]] grammatical features that english has, these include: [[Auxiliary verb|auxiliary verbs]] (ex: to have), [[Definite article|definite articles]] (ex: the), [[indefinite articles]] (ex: a/an), and [[Modal verb|modal verbs]] (ex: should; will), [[Dependent clause|dependent clauses]], and [[Grammatical conjugation|subordinating conjugations]] (ex: that; before; while). Kyrgyz instead replaces these with various [[Synthetic language|synthetic]] grammatical substutes.<ref name=":2" />{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2008}}

===Case===
Nouns in Kyrgyz take a number of [[declension|case]] endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of [[consonant]] they follow (see [[#Phonology|the section on phonology]]).

{|class="wikitable"
!Case
!Underlying form
!Possible forms
!"''boat''"||"''air''"||"''bucket''"||"''hand''"||"''head''"||"''salt''"||"''eye''"
|-
!Nominative
|colspan="2" align="center" | —
|кеме||аба||челек||кол||баш||туз||көз
|-
!Genitive
| -NIn
| -нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн
|кеме'''нин''' ||аба'''нын''' ||челек'''тин''' ||кол'''дун''' ||баш'''тын''' ||туз'''дун''' ||көз'''дүн'''
|-
!Dative
| -GA
| -га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө
|кеме'''ге''' ||аба'''га''' ||челек'''ке''' ||кол'''го''' ||баш'''ка''' ||туз'''га''' ||көз'''гө'''
|-
!Accusative
| -NI
| -ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү
|кеме'''ни''' ||аба'''ны''' ||челек'''ти''' ||кол'''ду''' ||баш'''ты''' ||туз'''ду''' ||көз'''дү'''
|-
!Locative
| -DA
| -да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө
|кеме'''де''' ||аба'''да''' ||челек'''те''' ||кол'''до''' ||баш'''та''' ||туз'''да''' ||көз'''дө'''
|-
!Ablative
| -DAn
| -дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн
|кеме'''ден''' ||аба'''дан''' ||челек'''тен''' ||кол'''дон''' ||баш'''тан''' ||туз'''дан''' ||көз'''дөн'''
|}

Normally the decision between the [[velar consonant|velar]] ({{IPA|[ɡ ~ ɣ]}}, {{IPA|[k]}}) and [[uvular consonant|uvular]] ({{IPA|[ɢ ~ ʁ]}} and {{IPA|[χ ~ q]}}) pronunciation of {{angle bracket|г}} and {{angle bracket|к}} is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. [[back vowel]]s imply a uvular rendering and [[front vowel]]s imply a velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word. However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка {{IPA|/bankka/}}, not {{IPA|/bankqa/}} as predicted by the following vowel.

=== Pronouns ===
Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns:

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Personal pronouns
|-
! colspan="2" | 
! singular
! plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st person
| Мен (Men)
| Биз (Biz)
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! {{small|informal}}
| Сен (Sen) || Силер (Siler)
|-
! {{small|formal}}
| Сиз (Siz) || Сиздер (Sizder)
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd person
| Ал (Al) || Алар (Alar)
|}

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Declension of pronouns
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! colspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" | 3rd
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! colspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! {{small|informal}} !! {{small|formal}}
! {{small|informal}} !! {{small|formal}}
|-
!Nom
|мен||сен||сиз||ал||биз||силер||сиздер||алар
|-
!Acc
|'''мени'''||'''сени'''||сизди||'''аны'''||бизди||силерди||сиздерди||аларды
|-
!Gen
|'''менин'''||'''сенин'''||сиздин||'''анын'''||биздин||силердин||сиздердин||алардын
|-
!Dat
|'''мага'''||'''сага'''||сизге||'''ага'''||бизге||силерге||сиздерге||аларга
|-
!Loc
|менде||сенде||сизде||анда||бизде||силерде||сиздерде||аларда
|-
!Abl
|менден||сенден||сизден||андан||бизден||силерден||сиздерден||алардан
|}

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Morphemes indicating person
! colspan="2" | ||pronouns||copulas||present tense||possessive endings||past/conditional||imperative
|-
! colspan="2" |1st sg
|мен||-mIn||-mIn||-(I)m||-(I)m||-AyIN
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd sg
! {{small|informal}}
|сен||-sIŋ||-sIŋ||-(I)ŋ||-(I)ŋ||—, -GIn
|-
! {{small|formal}}
|сиз||-sIz||-sIz||-(I)ŋIz||-(I)ŋIz||-GIlA
|-
! colspan="2" |3rd sg
|ал||—||-t||-(s)I(n)||—||-sIn
|-
! colspan="2" |1st pl
|биз||-BIz|| -BIz ||-(I)bIz||-(I)K||-AyIK
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd pl
! {{small|informal}}
|силер||-sIŋAr||-sIŋAr||-(I)ŋAr||-(I)ŋAr||
|-
! {{small|formal}}
|сиздер||-sIzdAr||-sIzdAr||-(I)ŋIzdAr||-(I)nIzdAr||
|-
! colspan="2" |3rd pl
|алар||—||-(I)şAt||-(s)I(n)||—||-sIn, -IşsIn
|}

=== Verbs ===
Verbs are conjugated by analyzing the root verb: 1) determine whether the end letter is a vowel or consonant 2) add appropriate suffix while following vowel-harmony/shift rules.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Simple present tense conjugations (Peace Corps)
! colspan="2" |
!Per. Pronoun
!Vowel 
!Consonant
|-
! colspan="2" |1st sg
|Мен
| -м
| -м
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd pl
! {{small|informal}}
|Сен
| -йс<ң
| -йс<ң
|-
! {{small|formal}}
|Сиз
| -йс<з
| -йс<з
|-
! colspan="2" |3rd sg
|Ал
| -йт
| -йт
|-
! colspan="2" |1st pl
|Биз
| -йб>з
| -<б>з
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd pl
! {{small|informal}}
|Силер
|
|
|-
! {{small|formal}}
|Сиздер
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |3rd pl
|Алар
|
|
|}

==== Subordinate clauses ====
To form [[complement clause]]s, Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases. For example, "I don't know what I saw" would be:
{{fs interlinear|indent=3
|Мен эмнени көргөнүмдү билбейм
|Men emneni körgönümdü bilbeym
|I what-ACC.DEF see-ing-1SG-ACC.DEF know-NEG-1SG
| roughly "I don't know my having seen what," where the verb phrase "I saw what" is treated as a nominal object of the verb "to know."}}

The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony; notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels.

Several nominalisation strategies are used depending on the temporal properties of the relativised verb phrase: -GAn(dIK) for general past tense, -AAr for future/potential unrealised events, and -A turgan(dɯq) for non-perfective events are the most common. The copula has an irregular relativised form экен(дик) which may be used equivalently to forms of the verb бол- ''be'' (болгон(дук), болор). Relativised verb forms may, and often do, take nominal possessive endings as well as case endings.