Editing Kosovo (section)

==== Ottoman rule ====
{{Main|History of Ottoman Kosovo}}
{{See also|Battle of Kosovo|Vilayet of Kosovo}}

[[File:Xhamia_e_Madhe_Prishtine.JPG|upright=0.85|thumb|The [[Imperial Mosque (Pristina)|Imperial Mosque of Pristina]] built by [[Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror]], 1461]]

In 1389, as the [[Ottoman Empire]] expanded northwards through the Balkans, Ottoman forces under Sultan [[Murad I]] met with a Christian coalition led by [[Moravian Serbia]] under [[Prince Lazar]] in the [[Battle of Kosovo]]. Both sides suffered heavy losses and the battle was a stalemate and it was even reported as a Christian victory at first, but Serbian manpower was depleted and ''de facto'' Serbian rulers could not raise another equal force to the Ottoman army.<ref name="Jelavich1983">{{cite book|author=Barbara Jelavich|title=History of the Balkans|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela|url-access=registration|year=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-27458-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela/page/31 31]–}}</ref><ref name="prospect-magazine.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/thebattleofkosovo/#axzz3eyNaDTl6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075927/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/thebattleofkosovo/ |archive-date=31 May 2012 |title= Essays: 'The battle of Kosovo' by Noel Malcolm, Prospect Magazine May 1998 issue 30 |publisher=Prospect-magazine.co.uk |access-date=20 July 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Humphreys46a2">{{harvnb|Humphreys|2013|p=46|ps=: "Both armies – and this is a fact that is ignored by the hagiographic telling – contained soldiers of various origins; Bosnians, Albanians, Hungarians, Greeks, Bulgars, perhaps even Catalans (on the Ottoman side)."}}</ref><ref name="Somel 2010 p. 36">{{cite book |last=Somel |first=S.A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8iCY0OZmcC&pg=PA36 |title=The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4617-3176-4 |series=The A to Z Guide Series |page=36 |quote="The coalition consisted of Serbians, Bosnians, Croatians, Hungarians, Wallachians, Bulgarians, and Albanians." |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128152103/https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8iCY0OZmcC&pg=PA36 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Different parts of Kosovo were ruled directly or indirectly by the Ottomans in this early period. The medieval town of [[Novo Brdo]] was under Lazar's son, [[Stefan Lazarević|Stefan]] who became a loyal Ottoman vassal and instigated the downfall of [[Vuk Branković]] who eventually joined the Hungarian anti-Ottoman coalition and was defeated in 1395–96. A small part of Vuk's land with the villages of Pristina and Vushtrri was given to his sons to hold as Ottoman vassals for a brief period.<ref>{{harvnb|Fine|1994|pp=409–415}}</ref>

By 1455–57, the Ottoman Empire assumed direct control of all of Kosovo and the region remained part of the empire until 1912. During this period, [[Islam]] was introduced to the region. After the failed [[Battle of Vienna|siege of Vienna]] by the Ottoman forces in 1693 during the [[Great Turkish War]], a number of Serbs that lived in Kosovo, Macedonia and south Serbia migrated northwards near the Danube and Sava rivers, and is one of the events known as the [[Great Migrations of the Serbs|great migrations of the Serbs]] which also included some Christian Albanians.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Warrander |first1=Gail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GCRjKdrmqqEC |title=Kosovo |last2=Knaus |first2=Verena |date=2007 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-199-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Casiday |first=Augustine |title=The Orthodox Christian World |url=https://rifdt.instifdt.bg.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/1932/Cvetkovic%20-%20Serbian%20Tradition.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |page=135 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |access-date=16 September 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121151335/https://rifdt.instifdt.bg.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/1932/Cvetkovic%20-%20Serbian%20Tradition.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Rama2019">{{cite book |author=Shinasi A. Rama |title=Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power: The International Administration of Kosova |publisher=Springer |year=2019 |page=64}}</ref> The Albanians and Serbs who stayed in Kosovo after the war faced waves of Ottoman and Tatar forces, who unleashed a savage retaliation on the local population.<ref name=":5" /> To compensate for the population loss, the Turks encouraged settlement of non-Slav Muslim Albanians in the wider region of Kosovo.<ref>• Cohen, Paul A. (2014). ''[https://books.google.de/books?id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false History and Popular Memory: The Power of Story in Moments of Crisis]''. Columbia University Press. pp. 8–9. {{ISBN|978-0-231-53729-2}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130180358/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 Archived] from the original on 30 November 2021.

• J. Everett-Heath (1 August 2000). ''Place Names of the World – Europe: Historical Context, Meanings and Changes''. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 365. {{ISBN|978-0-230-28673-3}}. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930143730/https://books.google.com/books?id=uK2HDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA373#v=onepage&q&f=false the original] on 30 September 2023. 

• Geniş, Şerife, and Kelly Lynne Maynard (2009). [https://archive.today/20160507022158/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263200903009619 Formation of a diasporic community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey]." ''Middle Eastern Studies''. '''45'''. (4): 556–557.

• Lampe, John R.; Lampe, Professor John R. (2000). ''[https://books.google.de/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C&q=A&pg=PA27&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=A&f=false Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country]''. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. {{ISBN|978-0-521-77401-7}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930144241/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C&q=A&pg=PA27#v=snippet&q=A&f=false Archived] from the original on 30 September 2023. <q>The first Ottoman encouragement of Albanian migration did follow the Serb exodus of 1690</q>

• Anscombe, Frederick F 2006 – <nowiki>http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/577/1/Binder2.pdf</nowiki> [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514093015/http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/577/1/Binder2.pdf Archived] 14 May 2011 at the [[Wayback Machine]] </ref> By the end of the 18th century, Kosovo would reattain an Albanian majority – with Peja, Prizren, Prishtina becoming especially important towns for the local Muslim population.<ref>• Cohen, Paul A. (2014). ''History and Popular Memory: The Power of Story in Moments of Crisis''. Columbia University Press. pp. 8–9. {{ISBN|978-0-231-53729-2}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211130180358/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 Archived] from the original on 30 November 2021.

• Lampe, John R.; Lampe, Professor John R. (2000). ''Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country''. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. {{ISBN|978-0-521-77401-7}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930144241/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C&q=A&pg=PA27#v=snippet&q=A&f=false Archived] from the original on 30 September 2023. <q>The first Ottoman encouragement of Albanian migration did follow the Serb exodus of 1690</q>

• Malcolm, Noel (10 July 2020). ''Noel Malcolm 2020 p . 135''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-259922-3}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930144243/https://books.google.com/books?id=0FXwDwAAQBAJ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2023.

• Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the history of the Albanians – Malcolm 2020 p. 132-133/p

• Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the history of the Albanians – Malcolm 2020 p. 143/p</ref>

Although initially stout opponents of the advancing Turks, Albanian chiefs ultimately came to accept the Ottomans as sovereigns. The resulting alliance facilitated the mass conversion of Albanians to Islam. Given that the Ottoman Empire's subjects were divided along religious (rather than ethnic) lines, the spread of Islam greatly elevated the status of Albanian chiefs. Centuries earlier, Albanians of Kosovo were predominantly Christian and Albanians and Serbs for the most part co-existed peacefully. The Ottomans appeared to have a more deliberate approach to converting the Roman Catholic population who were mostly Albanians in comparison with the mostly Serbian adherents of Eastern Orthodoxy, as they viewed the former less favourably due to its allegiance to Rome, a competing regional power.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Paul A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=History and Popular Memory: The Power of Story in Moments of Crisis |date=2014 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-53729-2 |pages=8–9 |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130180358/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>