Editing Koi (section)

== Taxonomy ==
[[File:Cyprinus haematopterus.jpg|thumb|alt=Cyprinus haematopterus|''Cyprinus haematopterus'']]
[[File:Cyprinus melanotus and Cyprinus conirostris.jpg|thumb|alt=Cyprinus melanotus and Cyprinus conirostris|''Cyprinus melanotus'' and ''Cyprinus conirostris'']]
The koi are a group of breeds produced by artificial selection primarily from black carp called ''[[:ja:ノゴイ|nogoi]]'' ({{lang|ja|野鯉}}, {{lit|wild carp|lk=yes}}) or ''magoi'' ({{lang|ja|真鯉}}, {{lit|true carp|lk=yes}}), which inhabit lakes, ponds, and rivers in Japan. The black carp refers to the [[Eurasian carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio''), which was previously thought to have been introduced to Japan from Eurasia in prehistoric times.

[[Philipp Franz von Siebold]] of the Netherlands, who stayed in Japan during the Edo period, reported in ''[[Fauna Japonica]]'' (1833–1850) that there were three species of carp in Japan: ''Cyprinus haematopterus'', ''Cyprinus melanotus'', and ''Cyprinus conirostris''. This classification has not received much attention until recently, and it was thought that only one species of carp existed in Japan. However, recent analysis of mitochondrial DNA has revealed that there are at least two species of carp in Japan: native carp and carp from Eurasia.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com"/> Currently, the Japanese native carp is assumed to be ''Cyprinus melanotus'', and a new scientific name for it is being considered.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Seno |first = Hiroshi |title = 日本産コイ(コイ目コイ科)のルーツ解明と保全へのシナリオ |trans-title = Elucidation of the Roots of Japanese Carp and Scenarios for Conservation |date = 2010 |publisher = KAKEN |url = https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/report/KAKENHI-PROJECT-18510209/185102092008jisseki/ |access-date = 8 October 2023 |archive-date = 16 May 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240516033050/https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/report/KAKENHI-PROJECT-18510209/185102092008jisseki/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

''Cyprinus haematopterus'' is thought to refer to the [[Amur carp]] of Eurasian origin, traditionally called ''Yamatogoi'' ({{lang|ja|大和鯉}}, {{lit|carp of Yamato Province|lk=y}}) in Japan. ''Yamatogoi'' have been famous since the Edo period as farmed carp in [[Yamato Province]] (now [[Nara Prefecture]]). Other carp of the same type as ''Yamatogoi'' are known as ''Yodogoi'' ({{lang|ja|淀鯉}}, [[Yodo River]] carp) from [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]] and ''Shinshūgoi'' ({{lang|ja|信州鯉}}, introduced ''Yodogoi'') from [[Nagano Prefecture]]. These carp were famous for their delicious taste. Since the Meiji period, ''Yamatogoi'' have been released into lakes and rivers throughout Japan, causing genetic contamination with native carp and making research on the origin of the Japanese carp difficult. Koi is thought to be primarily of this ''Yamatogoi'' (Amur carp) lineage, but it also carries some genes of the native Japanese carp.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Higuchi |first = Masahito |title = ミトコンドリア DNA 調節領域の塩基配列からみたニシキゴイの遺伝的変異とその起源 |trans-title = Genetic variability and ancient origin of the Japanese ornamental carp (koi) using the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA control region |journal = Aquatic Animals |volume = 2023.0_AA2023-18 |publisher = Aquos Institute |date = 23 August 2023 |doi = 10.34394/aquaticanimals.2023.0_AA2023-18 }}</ref>

In the past, koi were commonly believed to have been bred from the [[common carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio''). Extensive [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] between different populations, coupled with widespread translocations, has muddled the historical [[zoogeography]] of the common carp and [[Cyprinus|its relatives]]. Traditionally, [[Cyprinus rubrofuscus|Amur carp]] (''C. rubrofuscus'') were considered a [[subspecies]] of the common carp, often under the scientific name ''C. carpio haematopterus''. However, they differ in [[meristics]] from the common carp of Europe and Western Asia,<ref name="IUCN carpio"/> leading recent authorities to recognize them as a separate species, ''C. rubrofuscus'' (''C. c. haematopterus'' being a [[junior synonym]]).<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Huckstorf, V. |date=2012 |title=''Cyprinus rubrofuscus'' |volume=2012 |page=e.T166052A1108337 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T166052A1108337.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{FishBase | genus = Cyprinus | species = rubrofuscus | id=59920 | month = November | year = 2016}}</ref> Although one study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) was unable to find a clear genetic structure matching the geographic populations (possibly because of translocation of carp from separate regions),<ref>{{cite journal |title=Discovery of an ancient lineage of ''Cyprinus carpio'' from Lake Biwa, central Japan, based on mtDNA sequence data, with reference to possible multiple origins of koi |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1516 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00676.x |year=2005 |last1=Mabuchi |first1=K. |last2=Senou |first2=H. |last3=Suzuki |first3=T. |last4=Nishida |first4=M.|bibcode=2005JFBio..66.1516M }}</ref> others based on mtDNA, [[microsatellite]] DNA and [[genomic DNA]] found a clear separation between the European/West Asian population and the East Asian population, with koi belonging in the latter.<ref name="Grossa">{{Cite journal |last=Grossa |first=Riho |author2=Klaus Kohlmannb |author3=Petra Kerstenb |name-list-style=amp |date=2002 |title=PCR–RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial ND-3/4 and ND-5/6 gene polymorphisms in the European and East Asian subspecies of common carp (''Cyprinus carpio'' L.) |journal=Aquaculture |volume=204 |issue=3–4 |pages=507–516 |doi=10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00836-5|bibcode=2002Aquac.204..507G }}</ref><ref name="Chistiakov">{{cite journal |title=Genetic evolution and diversity of common carp ''Cyprinus carpio'' L. |journal=Central European Journal of Biology |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=304–312 |doi=10.2478/s11535-009-0024-2 |year=2009 |last1=Chistiakov |first1=D.A. |last2=Voronova |first2=N.V|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Xu2014">{{cite journal |title=Genome sequence and genetic diversity of the common carp, ''Cyprinus carpio'' |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=1212–1219 |doi=10.1038/ng.3098 |pmid=25240282 |year=2014 |last1=Xu |first1=P. |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}</ref> Consequently, recent authorities have suggested that the ancestral species of the koi is ''C. rubrofuscus'' ([[syn.]] ''C. c. haematopterus'') or at least an East Asian carp species instead of ''C. carpio''.<ref name="IUCN carpio" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Freshwater Fisheries Ecology |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |page=297 |isbn=978-1-118-39442-7 |year=2015 |last1=Craig |first1=J.F.}}</ref> Regardless, a [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] review of ''[[Cyprinus]]'' carp from eastern and southeastern Asia may be necessary, as the genetic variations do not fully match the currently recognized species pattern,<ref name="Chistiakov" /> with one study of mtDNA suggesting that koi are close to the Southeast Asian carp, but not necessarily the Chinese.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Using mitochondrial nucleotide sequences to investigate diversity and genealogical relationships within common carp (''Cyprinus carpio'' L.) |journal=Anim. Genet. |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01215.x |pmid=15670127 |year=2005 |last1=Thai |first1=B.T. |last2=Burridge |first2=C.P. |last3=Pham |first3=T.A. |last4=Austin |first4=C.M.}}</ref>