Editing Khalistan movement (section)

=== Emergence in India ===
{{see also|Punjabi Suba movement}}
Established on 14 December 1920, [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]] was a Sikh political party that sought to form a government in Punjab.<ref name=":1">Jetly, Rajshree. 2006. "The Khalistan Movement in India: The Interplay of Politics and State Power." ''International Review of Modern Sociology'' 34(1):61–62. {{JSTOR|41421658}}.</ref>

Following the 1947 independence of India, the [[Punjabi Suba movement]], led by the Akali Dal, sought the creation of a province (''[[Subah|suba]]'') for [[Punjabis|Punjabi people]]. The Akali Dal's maximal position of demands was a [[sovereign state]] (i.e. Khalistan), while its minimal position was to have an [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomous state]] within India.{{sfnp|Fair, Diaspora Involvement in Insurgencies|2005|p=134}} The issues raised during the Punjabi Suba movement were later used as a premise for the creation of a separate Sikh country by proponents of Khalistan.

As the religious-based partition of India led to much bloodshed, the Indian government initially rejected the demand, concerned that creating a Punjabi-majority state would effectively mean yet again creating a state based on religious grounds.<ref name="Tribune_Relations_2003">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031103/edit.htm#5 |title=Hindu-Sikh relations – I |newspaper=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh, India |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=3 November 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605231120/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031103/edit.htm#5 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Chawla, Muhammad Iqbal. 2017. ''The Khalistan Movement of 1984: A Critical Appreciation''.
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On 7 September 1966, the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966|''Punjab Reorganisation Act'']] was passed in Parliament, implemented with effect beginning 1 November 1966. Accordingly, Punjab was divided into the state of Punjab and [[Haryana]], with certain areas to [[Himachal Pradesh]]. [[Chandigarh]] was made a centrally administered [[Union territory]].<ref name="india_gov_PRA_1966">{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf |title=The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 |publisher=Government of India |date=18 September 1966 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119110225/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref> While the [[Government of India|Union Government]] led by [[Indira Gandhi]] agreed with the creation of Punjab state but refused to make Chandigarh as its capital and also refused to make it autonomous. The outcome of the Punjabi Suba movement failed to meet demands of its leaders.<ref>{{cite book | author=[[Stanley Wolpert]] | title=India | publisher=[[University of California]] Press | year=2005 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmkL1tp2Nl4C | page=216 | isbn=9780520246966 | access-date=11 March 2023 | archive-date=30 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072125/https://books.google.com/books?id=HmkL1tp2Nl4C | url-status=live }}</ref>

====Anandpur Resolution====
{{see also|Anandpur Sahib Resolution}}
As Punjab and Haryana now shared the capital of Chandigarh, resentment was felt among Sikhs in Punjab.<ref name=":1" /> Adding further grievance, a canal system was put in place over the rivers of [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Beas River|Beas]], and [[Sutlej]], which flowed through Punjab, in order for water to also reach Haryana and [[Rajasthan]]. As result, Punjab would only receive 23% of the water while the rest would go to the two other states. The fact that the issue would not be revisited brought on additional turmoil to Sikh resentment against Congress.<ref name=":1" />

The Akali Dal was defeated in the [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972 Punjab elections]].<ref name="Mitra_Puzzle">{{citation|last1=Mitra|first1=Subrata K.|title=The Puzzle of India's Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory|date=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuILNHwcT4AC&pg=PA94|page=94|location=Advances in South Asian Studies|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-27493-2|access-date=6 March 2018|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072125/https://books.google.com/books?id=GuILNHwcT4AC&pg=PA94|url-status=live}}</ref> To regain public appeal, the party put forward the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] in 1973 to demand radical devolution of power and further autonomy to Punjab.<ref>{{citation|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: Volume 2: 1839–2004|year=2004|chapter=The Anandpur Sahib Resolution and Other Akali Demands|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-567309-8}}</ref> The resolution document included both religious and political issues, asking for the recognition of Sikhism as a religion separate from Hinduism, as well as the transfer of [[Chandigarh]] and certain other areas to Punjab. It also demanded that power be radically devolved from the central to state governments.<ref name="Jayanta484">{{citation|last1=Ray|first1=Jayanta Kumar|title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World|date=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=khalistan|page=484|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-0834-7|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072148/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=khalistan|url-status=live}}</ref>

The document was largely forgotten for some time after its adoption until gaining attention in the following decade. In 1982, the Akali Dal and [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] joined hands to launch the Dharam Yudh Morcha in order to implement the resolution. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to such demands as larger shares of water for irrigation and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab.<ref name="Akshay1991">{{cite book|author=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai|title=Expanding Governmental Lawlessness and Organized Struggles|year=1991|pages=64–66|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-529-2}}</ref>