Editing Keith Richards (section)

==Record production==
Richards has been active as a music producer since the 1960s. He was credited as producer and musical director on the 1966 album ''Today's Pop Symphony'', one of manager [[Andrew Loog Oldham]]'s side projects, although there are doubts about how much Richards was actually involved with it.{{sfn|Wyman|2002|p=224}} On the Rolling Stones' 1967 album ''Their Satanic Majesties Request'', the entire band was credited as producer, but since 1974, Richards and Mick Jagger have frequently co-produced both Rolling Stones records and those by other artists under the name "[[the Glimmer Twins]]", often in collaboration with other producers.

In early 1973, Jagger and Richards developed an interest in the band [[Kracker]], resulting in a deal whereby the band's second album was licensed for distribution outside the United States by [[Rolling Stones Records]], making Kracker the first band on that label.{{sfn|Thompson|2004|page=130}}{{sfn|Paytress|2009|p=316}}{{sfn|Loewenstein|2014|p=138}}

Since the 1980s Richards has chalked up numerous production and co-production credits on projects with other artists including [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Johnnie Johnson (musician)|Johnnie Johnson]], and [[Ronnie Spector]], as well as on his own albums with the X-Pensive Winos (see below). In the 1990s Richards co-produced and added guitar and vocals to a recording of [[nyabinghi rhythm|nyabinghi Rastafarian]] chanting and drumming entitled "[[Wingless Angels (band)|Wingless Angels]]", released on Richards's own record label, Mindless Records, in 1997.<ref name="Leggett">Leggett, Steve "[{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p225412/biography|pure_url=yes}} Wingless Angels Biography]", [[AllMusic]], Macrovision Corporation. Retrieved 29 November 2009</ref>

===Solo recordings===
Richards has released few solo recordings. His first solo single, released in 1978, was a cover of Chuck Berry's "[[Run Rudolph Run]]", backed with his version of [[Jimmy Cliff]]'s "[[The Harder They Come (song)|The Harder They Come]]". In 1987, after Jagger pursued a solo recording and touring career, Richards formed the "X-Pensive Winos" with co-songwriter and co-producer Steve Jordan, whom Richards assembled for his Chuck Berry documentary ''[[Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll]]''.{{sfn|Christgau|1988|pp=60–66}}

Additional members of the X-Pensive Winos included guitarist [[Waddy Wachtel]], saxophonist [[Bobby Keys]], keyboardist [[Ivan Neville]], and [[Charley Drayton]] on bass. The first Winos' record, ''[[Talk Is Cheap]]'', also featured [[Bernie Worrell]], [[Bootsy Collins]], and [[Maceo Parker]]. Since its release, ''Talk Is Cheap'' has gone [[Music recording sales certification|gold]] and has sold consistently. Its release was followed by the first of the two US tours Richards has done as a solo artist. ''Live at the Hollywood Palladium, 15 December 1988'' documents the first of these tours. In 1992 the Winos' second studio record, ''[[Main Offender]]'', was released, also followed by a tour.<ref name="nzentgraf">{{cite web |last=Zentgraf |first=Nico |title=The Complete Works of the Rolling Stones 1962–2008 |url=http://www.nzentgraf.de/books/tcw/works1.htm |access-date=23 February 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105527/http://www.nzentgraf.de/books/tcw/works1.htm |archive-date=19 March 2008 }}</ref> Although the Winos featured on both albums, the albums were credited to Richards as a solo artist.

A third Richards album, ''[[Crosseyed Heart]]'', was released in September 2015.<ref name="crosseyedheart">{{cite web|title=Official Keith Richards website|url=http://www.keithrichards.com/news/keith-richards-releases-crosseyed-heart-117291|website=Keithrichards.com|access-date=11 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120161912/http://www.keithrichards.com/news/keith-richards-releases-crosseyed-heart-117291|archive-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>

===Recordings with other artists===
During the 1960s, most of Richards's recordings with artists other than the Rolling Stones were sessions for Andrew Loog Oldham's [[Immediate Records]] label. Notable exceptions were when Richards, along with Mick Jagger and numerous other guests, sang on [[the Beatles]]' 1967 TV broadcast of "[[All You Need Is Love]]",<ref name="nzentgraf"/> and when he played bass with [[John Lennon]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Mitch Mitchell]], [[Ivry Gitlis]], and [[Yoko Ono]] as [[the Dirty Mac]] for ''[[The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus]]'' TV special filmed in 1968.<ref name="rnrcircus">{{cite video |people=The Rolling Stones, the Dirty Mac| title=Rock and Roll Circus |medium=DVD released 2004 |publisher=ABKCO Films |year=1968 }}</ref>

In the 1970s, Richards worked outside the Rolling Stones with Ronnie Wood on several occasions, contributing guitar, piano, and vocals to Wood's first two solo albums and joining him on stage for two July 1974 concerts to promote ''[[I've Got My Own Album to Do]]''. In December 1974 Richards also made a guest appearance at a [[Faces (band)|Faces]] concert. During 1976 and 1977, Richards both co-produced and played on [[John Phillips (musician)|John Phillips]]'s solo recording ''[[Pay Pack & Follow]]'' (released in 2001). In 1979 he toured the US with [[The New Barbarians (band)|the New Barbarians]], the band that Wood put together to promote his album ''[[Gimme Some Neck]]''; he and Wood also contributed guitar and backing vocals to "Truly" on [[Ian McLagan]]'s 1979 album ''[[Troublemaker (album)|Troublemaker]]'' (re-released in 2005 as ''Here Comes Trouble'').<ref name="nzentgraf"/>

Since the 1980s, Richards has made more frequent guest appearances. In 1981 he played on reggae singer [[Max Romeo]]'s album ''Holding Out My Love to You''. He has worked with [[Tom Waits]] on three occasions: adding guitar and backing vocals to Waits's album ''[[Rain Dogs]]'' (1985); co-writing, playing on, and sharing the lead vocal on "That Feel" on ''[[Bone Machine]]'' (1992); and adding guitar and vocals to ''[[Bad As Me]]'' (2011). In 1986 Richards produced and played on [[Aretha Franklin]]'s rendition of "[[Jumpin' Jack Flash]]" and served as musical producer and band leader (or, as he phrased it, "S&M director")<ref name="hailhail">{{cite video |people=Berry, Chuck; Richards, Keith|title=Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll |medium=DVD released 2006 |publisher=Universal City Studios Inc |year=1986 }}</ref> for the [[Chuck Berry]] film ''[[Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll]]''.<ref name="nzentgraf"/>

In the 1990s and 2000s, Richards continued to contribute to a wide range of musical projects as a guest artist. A few of the notable sessions he has done include guitar and vocals on Johnnie Johnson's 1991 release ''Johnnie B. Bad'', which he also co-produced; and lead vocals and guitar on "Oh Lord, Don't Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me" on the 1992 [[Charles Mingus]] tribute album ''Weird Nightmare''. He duetted with country legend [[George Jones]] on "Say It's Not You" on the ''[[Bradley Barn Sessions]]'' (1994); a second duet from the same sessions, "Burn Your Playhouse Down", appeared on Jones's 2008 release ''[[Burn Your Playhouse Down – The Unreleased Duets]]''. He partnered with [[Levon Helm]] on "Deuce and a Quarter" for [[Scotty Moore]]'s album ''All the King's Men'' (1997). His guitar and lead vocals are featured on the [[Hank Williams]] tribute album ''Timeless'' (2001) and on veteran blues guitarist [[Hubert Sumlin]]'s album ''About Them Shoes'' (2005). Richards also added guitar and vocals to [[Toots & the Maytals]]' recording of "Careless Ethiopians" for their 2004 album ''[[True Love (Toots & the Maytals album)|True Love]]'', which won the [[Grammy Award]] for [[Best Reggae Album]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/47th-annual-grammy-awards|title=47th Annual GRAMMY Awards|date=28 November 2017|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> Additionally, in December 2007 Richards released a download-only Christmas single via [[iTunes]] of "[[Run Rudolph Run]]"; and the [[B-side]] was a 2003 recorded version of the famous [[reggae]] song "[[Pressure Drop (song)|Pressure Drop]]" featuring [[Toots Hibbert]] singing with Richards backed by original [[Toots and the Maytals|Maytals]] band members Jackie Jackson and [[Paul Douglas (musician)|Paul Douglas]].<ref name="nzentgraf" />

===Rare and unreleased recordings===
In 2005, the Rolling Stones released ''[[Rarities 1971–2003]]'', which includes some rare and limited-issue recordings, but Richards has described the band's released output as the "tip of the iceberg".<ref>Four Flicks – Disc 4 (Arena Show) – in the extras section for [[Start Me Up]]</ref> Many of the band's unreleased songs and studio [[jam session]]s are widely [[Bootleg recording|bootlegged]], as are numerous Richards solo recordings, including his 1977 [[Toronto]] studio sessions, some 1981 studio sessions, and tapes made during his 1983 wedding trip to Mexico.<ref name="nzentgraf"/>