Editing Keiretsu (section)

===Outside Japan===
The ''keiretsu'' model is fairly unique to Japan. However, many diversified non-Japanese businesses groups have been described as ''keiretsu'', such as the [[Virgin Group]] (UK), [[Tata Group]] (India),<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Organisational Governance|page=77|first=David|last= Crowther|year=2017|publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited}}</ref> the Colombian [[Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño]] and the Venezuelan [[Grupo Cisneros]].

The automotive and banking industries have created broad cross-ownership networks across nations, but the national companies are normally independently managed. Banks cited as being central to ''keiretsu''-like systems include [[Deutsche Bank]] and some ''keiretsu''-like systems, generally referred to as [[trust (business)|trusts]], were created by investment banks in the United States such as [[JP Morgan]] and [[Mellon Financial]]/[[Mellon family]] beginning in the late 19th century (roughly the same period they were created in Japan), but they were largely curtailed through [[competition law|anti-trust]] legislation championed by [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in the early part of the 20th century. A form of ''keiretsu'' can also be found in the cross-shareholdings of the large media companies throughout most developed nations.<ref>See ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]''{{-'}}s [https://www.cjr.org/tools/owners/ "Who Owns What"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423133215/https://www.cjr.org/tools/owners/ |date=23 April 2007 }} website or [http://www.theyrule.net/ They Rule].</ref> These are largely designed to link content producers to particular distribution channels, and larger content projects, such as expensive movies, are often incorporated with ownership spread across a number of larger companies.