Editing Katipunan (section)

===Triangle system and grades===
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It was the original plan of Bonifacio to increase the membership of the Katipunan by means of ''sistemang patatsulok'' or triangle system. He formed his first triangle with his two comrades, [[Teodoro Plata]] and [[Ladislao Diwa]]. Each of them re-instituted Katipunan thoughts into another two new converts. The founder of the triangle knew the other two members, but the latter did not know each other. In December 1892 the system was abolished after proving it to be clumsy and complicated.<ref name="Artigas">{{Harvnb|Artigas y Cuerva|1911|p=30}}</ref> A new system of initiation, modelled after the [[Masonic ritual and symbolism|Masonic rites]] was then adopted.<ref>{{Harvnb|Artigas y Cuerva|1911|pp=30–31}}</ref>

When the Katipuneros had expanded to more than a hundred members, Bonifacio divided the members into three grades: the ''Katipon'' (literally: Associate) which is the lowest rank, the ''Kawal'' (soldier), and the ''Bayani'' (Hero or Patriot). In the meeting of the society, ''Katipon'' wore a black hood with a triangle of white ribbon having the letters "''Z. Ll. B.''", corresponding to the roman "''A. N. B.''", meaning ''Anak ng̃ Bayan'' (Son of the People, see [[#Language and alphabet|below]]). ''Kawal'' wore a green hood with a triangle having white lines and the letters "''Z. LL. B.''" at the three angles of the triangle, and also wore a green ribbon with a medal with the letter [[File:Baybayin Ka.svg|20px]] (''ka'') in [[Baybayin]] script above a depiction of a crossed sword and flag. The password was ''[[Gomburza|Gom-Bur-Za]]'', taken from the names of the three martyrs [[Mariano Gomez (priest)|Mariano Gomez]], [[Jose Burgos]] and [[Jacinto Zamora]]. ''Bayani'' (Hero) wore a red mask and a sash with green borders, symbolizing courage and hope. The front of the mask had white borders that formed a triangle with three ''K''s arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle within a triangle, and with the letters "''Z. Ll. B.''" below. Another password was ''[[José Rizal|Rizal]]''. Countersigns enabled members to recognize one another on the street. A member meeting another member placed the palm of his right hand on his breast and, as he passed the other member, he closed the hands to bring the right index finger and thumb together.<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=152–153}}</ref>

<blockquote>Color designations:
* {{color box|black}} ''Katipon''. First-degree members. Other symbols: Black hood, revolver and/or bolo.
* {{color box|#008000}} ''Kawal''. Second-degree members. Other symbols: green ribboned-medallion with Malayan ''K'' inscription.
* {{color box|red}} {{color box|#008000}} ''Bayani''. Third degree members. Other symbols: Red hood and sash, with green borders.</blockquote>

''Katipon'' could graduate to ''Kawal'' class by bringing several new members into the society. A ''Kawal'' could become a ''Bayani'' upon being elected an officer of the society.<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=153}}</ref>

====Membership====
Any person who wished to join the Katipunan was subjected to certain initiation rites, resembling those of [[Masonic ritual and symbolism|Masonic rites]], to test his courage, patriotism and loyalty.<ref>{{Harvnb|Artigas y Cuerva|1911|pp=32–33}}</ref> New recruits underwent the initiation rite three at a time so that no member knew more than two other members of the society. The neophyte was first blindfolded and then led into a dimly lighted room with black curtains where his folded cloth was removed from his eyes. An admonition, in Tagalog, was posted at the entrance to the room:

{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" | Original writing<ref name="kartilya">{{harvnb|Cruz|1922|}} VI[27]</ref>
! scope="col" | Modern [[Manila]] Tagalog translation<ref name="kartilya" />
! scope="col" | English translation
|-
|''Kung may lakás at tapang, ikáw'y makatutuloy!''<br />''Kung ang pag-uusisa ang nagdalá sa iyó dito'y umurong ka.''<br />
''Kung 'di ka marunong pumigil ng̃ iyong masasamang hilig, umurong ka; kailan man ang pintuan ng̃ <br />May-kapangyarihan at Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Baya'y Hindi bubuksan nang dahil sa iyó.''
|''Kung may lakas at tapang, makakatuloy ikaw!''<br />''Kung ang pag-uusisa ang nagdala sa iyo dito (ay) umurong ka.''<br />
''Kung 'di ka marunong pumigil ng iyong masasamang hilig, umurong ka; kailan man, ang pintuan ng <br/>Makapangyarihan at Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ay Hindi bubuksan nang dahil sa iyo.''
|If you have strength and valor, you can proceed!<br>
If what has brought you here is only curiosity—go away!<br />If you cannot control your vices, retire. Never shall the doors<br />of the Supreme and Venerable Society of the Sons of the People be opened to you.
|-
|}

Inside the candle-lit room, they would be brought to a table adorned with a skull and a bolo. There, they would condemn the abuses of the Spanish government and vow to fight colonial oppression:<ref>{{Harvnb|Artigas y Cuerva|1911|pp=45–49}}</ref><ref name="aklat">{{cite web |title=Ang Aklat ni Andres Bonifacio |url=http://www.elaput.org/bnfcio09.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313223733/https://www.elaput.org/bnfcio09.htm |archive-date=March 13, 2005 |access-date=November 13, 2010 |language=tl}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
1. ''Anó ang kalagayan nitóng Katagalugan<ref>Bonifacio declared that ''Katagalugan'' ({{literal translation|Tagalog land}}) is equivalent to all Philippine territories.</ref> noóng unang panahón?'' (In what condition did the Spaniards find the Tagalog land when they came?)
: (Expected answer) "When the Spaniards came to the Philippine shores on March 16, 1521, the Filipinos were already in a civilized state. They had freedom of government; they had artillery; they had silk dresses; they had carried on commerce with neighboring countries in Asia; they had their own religion and their own script. In short, they had liberty and independence."
2. ''Anó ang kalagayan sa ngayón?'' (In what condition do they find themselves now?)
: (Expected answer) "The friars have not really civilized the Filipinos, since enlightenment was contrary to the friars' interests. The Filipinos (called Tagalogs by the Katipunan) were merely superficially taught formulas of [[Catechism]] for which they eventually paid numerous costly [[Festival|fiestas]] for the benefit of the friars."
3. ''Anó ang magiging kalagayan sa daratíng na panahón?'' (What hopes do they have for the future?)
: (Expected answer) "With faith, valor, and perseverance, these evils will be remedied."
}}

During Bonifacio's time, all of the Filipino people are referred collectively by the Katipunan as ''Tagalogs'', while the Philippines is referred to as the ''Katagalugan''.<ref name="aklat"/>

The next step in the initiation ceremony was the lecture given by the master of ceremonies, called ''Mabalasig/Mabalasik'' (terrible brother), who informed the neophyte to withdraw if he lacked courage since he would be out of place in the patriotic society. If the neophyte persisted, he was presented to the assembly of the brethren, who subjected him to various ordeals such as blindfolding him and making him shoot a supposedly a [[revolver]] at a person, or forcing him to jump over a supposedly hot flame. After the ordeals came to final rite—the ''pacto de sangre'' or [[blood compact]]—in which the neophyte signed the following oath with the blood taken from his arm:

{{blockquote|{{lang|tl|Ako'y si ______________, Nanunumpa sa ngalan ng Dios at ng bayan na ipagtatanggol nang buong katapangan ang mga kadahilanan ng K.K.K. ng mga A. ng B., ingatan ang kaniyang lihim na mamasdan at mapakinggan, sundin siya ng pikit 
-mata, saklolohan ang lahat na mga kasama sa lahat na panganib at pagkakailangan nila, Nanunumpa at nangangako rin naman ako na mag-pitagan sa kanilang mga Pinuno, huag na magtaksil sa kanilang mga kautusan at bilin at tatalaan kong aking dugo na kusang ibububo dito sa kasulatang hinaharap.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/foundational-documents/-casaysayan-pinagcasunduan-manga-daquilang-cautosan-january-1892|title='Casaysayan; Pinagcasunduan; Manga daquilang cautosan,' January 1892 – Katipunan: Documents and Studies|website=www.kasaysayan-kkk.info|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926001745/http://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/foundational-documents/-casaysayan-pinagcasunduan-manga-daquilang-cautosan-january-1892|archive-date=September 26, 2021}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|I,_______________, swear in the name of God and to the country to defend the cause of the K.K.K. of the A. of B., with all my courage, to keep secret whatever I witness and hear, to follow orders blindly, and to support all my brethren against every danger and exigency. I also swear and pledge to respect the leaders, not to betray them, their orders of instructions, and so I attest with my blood, which is shed here in this document.}}

He was then accepted as a full-fledged member, with a symbolic name by which he was known within Katipunan circles. Bonifacio's symbolic name was ''Maypagasa''; [[Emilio Jacinto|Jacinto]] was ''Pingkian'' and [[Artemio Ricarte]] was ''Vibora''.

====Admission of women to the society====

At first, Katipunan was purely a patriotic society for men. Owing to the growing suspicion of the women regarding nocturnal absences of their husbands, the reduction of their monthly earnings and "long hours of work", Bonifacio had to bring them into the realms of the KKK. A section for women was established in the society: to become admitted, one must be a wife, a daughter, or a sister of a male ''katipunero''. It was estimated that from 20 to 50 women had become members of the society.<ref name="zaide 1957">{{Harvnb|Zaide|1957|p=157}}</ref>

The first woman to become a member of the Katipunan was [[Gregoria de Jesús]], wife of Bonifacio.<ref name="zaide 1957"/> Her codename was ''Lakambini'' (Princess).<ref>{{Harvnb|Gregoria de Jesus|1932}}</ref> Initially, there were 29 women were admitted to the Katipunan: Gregoria de Jesús, [[Marina Dizon]], president of the women's section; Josefa and [[Trinidad Rizal]], sisters of Dr. [[José Rizal]]; Angelica Lopez and [[Delfina Herbosa Natividad]], close relatives of Dr. Rizal; Carmén de Rodriguez; Marina Hizon; Benita Rodriguez; Semiona de Rémigio; Gregoria Montoya; [[Agueda Kahabagan]], [[Teresa Magbanua]], [[Trinidad Tecson]], rendered as "Mother of [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato|Biak-na-Bato]]";<ref name="Rojas:Warriors">{{cite web|url=http://jeanrojas.tripod.com/id13.html|title=Filipino Women Warriors|last=Rojas|first=Jean|access-date=August 19, 2009}}</ref> [[Nazaria Lagos]]; [[Patrocinio Gamboa]]; [[Marcela Agoncillo]]; [[Melchora Aquino]], the "Grand Old Woman of Balintawak";<ref name="Rojas:Warriors"/> Marta Saldaña and Macaria Pañgilinan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fernandez|1930}}</ref>

The women rendered valuable services to the Katipunan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zaide|November 26, 1932}}</ref> They guarded the secret papers and documents of the society. Whenever the Katipunan held sessions in a certain house, they usually made merry, singing and dancing with some of the men in the living room so that the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|civil guard]] were led that there was nothing but a harmless social party within.<ref name="zaide 1957"/>

Though women are considered to be members of the Katipunan, information regarding the women's section were scarce and sometimes conflicting.<ref name="Richardson: 2007">{{cite web|url=http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/studies.kkk.mla.htm|title=Studies on the Katipunan: Notes on the Katipunan in Manila, 1892–96|last=Richardson|first=Jim|date=February 2007|access-date=August 19, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211192550/http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/studies.kkk.mla.htm|archive-date=February 11, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Teodoro Agoncillo]], for example, disregarded Marina Dizon and concluded that Josefa Rizal was the only president of the said section.<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1956|p=55}}</ref> [[Gregorio Zaide]], on the other hand, mentioned Dizon's presidency in his 1939 publication ''History of the Katipunan''<ref>{{Harvnb|Zaide|1939|p=21}}</ref> but changed his mind when he adopted Dr. [[Pío Valenzuela]]'s notion that women-members did not elect officers, hence there is no room for president.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zaide|1973|p=44}}</ref>

====Foreign members of the Katipunan====
Attracted by the universal appeal of the [[Kartilya ng Katipunan|Katipunan's Kartilya]], several members who were not native Filipinos joined the Katipunan or, later, the [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]] (PRA) in the spirit of national liberation. Among the foreign-born Katipuneros were General [[Juan Cailles]], a half [[Indian people|Indian]] (From India) and [[French people|French]]<ref>National Historical Institute; Historical Markers: Regions I-IV and CAR. Manila: National Historical Institute, 1993.</ref> mestizo; General Jose Ignacio Paua,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bibingka.com/phg/paua/|title=HughesNet vs Viasat Satellite Internet|website=www.bibingka.com}}</ref> a full-blooded Chinese; African-American PRA Captain [[David Fagen]] who defected from the Americans to join the Filipinos due to his disgust of racism and imperialism; Captain Camillo Richairdi, an Italian who joined the rebel Filipinos; and [[Vicente Catalan]], a Cuban [[Criollo people|Criollo]] captain who became the first Admiral of the Philippine Navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://philippinenavy.tripod.com/history.html|title=History of the Philippine Navy}}</ref> A large number of former Latin-American officers in the Spanish army from [[Mexico]], [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Peru]], [[Chile]], [[Argentina]], and [[Costa Rica]] were dismissed in the context of the [[Andres Novales]] uprising, one of the precursors of the Philippine revolution. These Latin-American-born officers moved to the Philippines to serve in the military and allied with the revolutionaries.<ref>[http://adoborepublic.net/live-local-mexico/filipinos-in-mexican-history/filipinos-in-mexicos-history-4/ Filipinos In Mexico's History 4 (The Mexican Connection – The Cultural Cargo Of The Manila-Acapulco Galleons)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804134705/http://adoborepublic.net/live-local-mexico/filipinos-in-mexican-history/filipinos-in-mexicos-history-4/ |date=August 4, 2020 }} By Carlos Quirino</ref> There were also several Spanish and American defectors to the Philippine side during the Philippine War of Independence and the [[Philippine–American War]]. To add to these were the Japanese militants supporting the Katipunan and the First Republic among which include Lieutenant Saburo Nakamori and Captain Chizuno Iwamoto who served on President Emilio Aguinaldo's staff.<ref>Consistency Is the Hobgoblin: Manuel L. Quezon and Japan, 1899–1934 by Grant K. Goodman, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar. 1983), p. 79.</ref> Nevertheless, there was friction between the Masons from the United States and France against the Masonic associated Katipunan as the first President of the [[United States]], [[George Washington]]{{sfnm|Chernow|2010|1pp=132, 500|Morrison|2009|2p=136|Stavish|2007|3pp=xix, xxi |Immekus|2018}} was once a Mason, but the nascent [[First Philippine Republic]] which the Katipunan founded went to war against the same Masonic-led United States in the [[Philippine-American War]], and furthermore, the treaty which sealed the American invasion of the Philippines was concluded in the [[1898 Treaty of Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philippine-American War {{!}} Facts, History, & Significance |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Philippine-American-War |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> The Revolution and the Philippine–American War caused many deaths but eventually, America granted the Philippines Independence after [[World War 2]].

====Notable Katipuneros====
* [[Andres Bonifacio]] (1863–1897) – The leading founder and the third Supreme President (Kataas-taasang Pangulo, Presidente Supremo) of the Katipunan, later taking the title Pangulo ng Haring Bayang Katagalugan (President of the [[Tagalog Republic|Sovereign Tagalog Nation]]; "Haring Bayan" was also translated as Republic, i.e. [[Tagalog Republic|Republika ng Katagalugan]]) upon the start of the revolution.
* [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] (1869–1964) – First president of the [[First Philippine Republic]], the Katipunan's successor. He was also a war general and one of the officers of the ''Magdalo'' chapter that led to a lot of notable victories for the Katipunan against Spain. During his presidency, he ordered the arrest and eventual execution of Andrés and [[Procopio Bonifacio]] in 1897 after the trial.
* [[Emilio Jacinto]] (1875–1899) – called as the ''Brains of the Katipunan''. He wrote several papers during the Revolution like the ''[[Kartilya ng Katipunan|Kartilya]]'' (Primer).
* [[Mariano Álvarez]] (1818–1924) – the President of the ''Magdiwang'' chapter and a war general he was also [[Gregoria de Jesús|Oriang's]] uncle.
* [[Baldomero Aguinaldo]] (1818–1924) – the President of the ''Magdalo'' chapter and a war general he was also [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]'s first cousin.
* [[Gregoria de Jesús]] (1875–1943) – called as the ''Lakambini ng Katipunan'' (Muse of the Katipunan) and nicknamed Aling Oryang, she was the wife of Bonifacio before marrying [[Julio Nakpil]] after the former's death. She was also regarded as one of the first women members of the Katipunan.
* [[Gregorio del Pilar]] (1875–1899) – entered the Katipunan circle fighting against the Spanish and later the [[First Philippine Republic]]'s army against the Americans. He died during the [[Battle of Tirad Pass]].
* [[Pio del Pilar]] (1860–1931) – the leader of the ''Matagumpay'' chapter, one of the closest officers of [[Andrés Bonifacio]]. Despite this, as the new revolutionary government was established, he was one of the officers who advised Aguinaldo to reverse his commutation (to banishment) of the death sentences given to Andrés and Procopio Bonifacio.
* [[Licerio Gerónimo]] (1855–1924) – Aguinaldo's war general during [[Philippine–American War]].
* [[Vicente Lukbán]] (1860–1916) – Americans regarded him to be the mastermind of the bloody [[Balangiga massacre]] in 1901 during [[Philippine–American War]].
* [[Miguel Malvar y Carpio]] (1865–1911) – commander of the Katipunan and became a general of the First Philippine Republic.
* [[Macario Sakay]] (1878–1907) – head of Katipunan in Trozo, Manila. Future founder or rather reviver of the [[Tagalog Republic|Republika ng Katagalugan]] (the concept and name dating back to Bonifacio) that would oppose American occupation in the Philippines. 
* [[Paciano Rizal]] (1851–1930) – The older brother of national hero [[José Rizal]], he was also a personal friend of Padre [[José Burgos]] in his youth. He joined the Katipunan years before Jose's return from Dapitan.
* [[Manuel Tinio]] (1877–1924) – youngest general of the Katipunan and the [[First Philippine Republic]], he later became the governor of [[Nueva Ecija]] from 1907 to 1909.
* [[Aurelio Tolentino]] (1869–1915) – was a Filipino playwright, poet, journalist, and revolutionary. He wrote and directed the anti-imperialist play Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow), which led to his arrest in 1903.
* [[Julián Felipe]] (1861–1944) – composer of Lupang Hinirang, teacher and member of La Liga Filipina, he later served as legal advisor to the Katipunan. His tenacious ability in argumentative reasoning earned him the nickname "demente viejo" among the colonial Principalía.<ref>{{harvnb|Ileto|1998}}</ref> In Manila, Julian ran a private law school which many of his personal socio-political ideals succeeded to his students. Notable Katipuneros under his tutelage was [[Gregorio Aglipay]]<ref>University, Princeton. ''The Catholic Historical Review'', Volume 4. American Catholic Historical Association, 1919, p. 320.</ref> and [[Miguel Malvar]].
<gallery class="center">
File:Andrés Bonifacio.jpg|[[Andrés Bonifacio]]
File:Emilio Aguinaldo (ca. 1898).jpg|[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
File:Santiago Alvarez.jpg|[[Santiago Álvarez (general)|Santiago Alvarez]]
File:Miguel_Malvar.JPG|[[Miguel Malvar]]
File:Ladislao_Diwa.jpg|[[Ladislao Diwa]]
File:Macario_Sacay.jpg|[[Macario Sakay]]
</gallery>