Editing Kansai dialect (section)

== Grammar ==
{{See also|Japanese grammar|Japanese verb conjugation|Japanese dialects#Eastern and Western Japanese}}
Many words and grammar structures in Kansai dialect are contractions of their [[classical Japanese]] equivalents (it is unusual to contract words in such a way in standard Japanese). For example, ''chigau'' (to be different or wrong) becomes ''chau'', ''yoku'' (well) becomes ''yō'', and ''omoshiroi'' (interesting or funny) becomes ''omoroi''. These contractions follow similar inflection rules as their standard forms, so ''chau'' said politely is ''chaimasu'' in the same way as ''chigau'' is inflected to ''chigaimasu''.

=== Verbs ===
Kansai dialect also has [[Japanese godan and ichidan verbs|two types of regular verb]], 五段 ''godan verbs'' (''-u'' verbs) and 一段 ''ichidan verbs'' (''-ru'' verbs), and two irregular verbs, 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} ("to come") and する {{IPA|/suru/}} ("to do"), but some conjugations are different from standard Japanese.

The geminated consonants found in godan verbs of standard Japanese verbal inflections are usually replaced with long vowels (often [[Clipping (morphology)|shortened]] in 3 morae verbs) in Kansai dialect (See also [[Late Middle Japanese#Onbin|Onbin]], [[u-onbin]]). Thus, for the verb 言う {{IPA|/iu, juː/}} ("to say"), the past tense in standard Japanese 言った {{IPA|/iQta/}} ("said") becomes 言うた {{IPA|/juːta/}} in Kansai dialect. This particular verb is emblematic of a native Kansai speaker, as most will unconsciously say 言うて {{IPA|/juːte/}} instead of 言って {{IPA|/iQte/}} or {{IPA|/juQte/}} even if well-practiced at speaking in standard Japanese. Other examples of geminate replacement are 笑った {{IPA|/waraQta/}} ("laughed") becoming 笑うた {{IPA|/waroːta/}} or わろた {{IPA|/warota/}} and 貰った {{IPA|/moraQta/}} ("received") becoming 貰うた {{IPA|/moroːta/}}, もろた {{IPA|/morota/}} or even もうた {{IPA|/moːta/}}.

An [[auxiliary verb]] -てしまう {{IPA|/-te simau/}} (to finish something or to do something in unintentional or unfortunate circumstances) is contracted to -ちまう {{IPA|/-timau/}} or -ちゃう {{IPA|/-tjau/}} in colloquial Tokyo speech but to -てまう {{IPA|/-temau/}} in Kansai speech. Thus, しちまう {{IPA|/sitimau/}}, or しちゃう {{IPA|/sitjau/}}, becomes してまう {{IPA|/sitemau/}}. Furthermore, as the verb しまう {{IPA|/simau/}} is affected by the same sound changes as in other 五段 godan verbs, the past tense of this form is rendered as -てもうた {{IPA|/-temoːta/}} or -てもた {{IPA|/-temota/}} rather than -ちまった {{IPA|/-timaQta/}} or -ちゃった {{IPA|/-tjaQta/}}: 忘れちまった {{IPA|/wasuretimaQta/}} or 忘れちゃった {{IPA|/wasuretjaQta/}} ("I forgot [it]") in Tokyo is 忘れてもうた {{IPA|/wasuretemoːta/}} or 忘れてもた {{IPA|/wasuretemota/}} in Kansai.

The long vowel of the volitional form is often shortened; for example, 使おう {{IPA|/tukaoː/}} (the volitional form of ''tsukau'') becomes 使お {{IPA|/tukao/}}, 食べよう {{IPA|/tabejoː/}} (the volitional form of 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}}) becomes 食べよ {{IPA|/tabejo/}}. The irregular verb する {{IPA|/suru/}} has special volitional form しょ（う） {{IPA|/sjo(ː)/}} instead of しよう {{IPA|/sijoː/}}. The volitional form of another irregular verb 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} is 来よう {{IPA|/kojoː/}} as well as the standard Japanese, but when 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} is used as an auxiliary verb -てくる {{IPA|/-te kuru/}}, -てこよう {{IPA|/-te kojoː/}} is sometimes replaced with -てこ（う） {{IPA|/-te ko(ː)/}} in Kansai.

The [[causative]] verb ending {{IPA|/-aseru/}} is usually replaced with {{IPA|/-asu/}} in Kansai dialect; for example, させる {{IPA|/saseru/}} (causative form of {{IPA|/suru/}}) changes さす {{IPA|/sasu/}}, 言わせる {{IPA|/iwaseru/}} (causative form of 言う {{IPA|/juː/}}) changes 言わす {{IPA|/iwasu/}}. Its -te form {{IPA|/-asete/}} and perfective form {{IPA|/-aseta/}} change to {{IPA|/-asite/}} and {{IPA|/-asita/}}; they also appear in transitive ichidan verbs such as 見せる {{IPA|/miseru/}} ("to show"), e.g. 見して {{IPA|/misite/}} for 見せて {{IPA|/misete/}}.

The potential verb endings {{IPA|/-eru/}} for 五段 godan and -られる {{IPA|/-rareru/}} for 一段 ichidan, recently often shortened -れる {{IPA|/-reru/}} ([[ra-nuki kotoba]]), are common between the standard Japanese and Kansai dialect. For making their negative forms, it is only to replace -ない {{IPA|/-nai/}} with -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} or -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} (See [[#Negative|Negative]]). However, mainly in Osaka, potential negative form of 五段 godan verbs {{IPA|/-enai/}} is often replaced with {{IPA|/-areheN/}} such as 行かれへん {{IPA|/ikareheN/}} instead of 行けない {{IPA|/ikenai/}} and 行けへん {{IPA|/ikeheN/}} "can't go". This is because {{IPA|/-eheN/}} overlaps with Osakan negative conjugation. In western Japanese including Kansai dialect, a combination of an adverb よう {{IPA|/joː/}} and -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} negative form is used as a negative form of the personal impossibility such as よう言わん {{IPA|/joː iwaN/}} "I can't say anything (in disgust or diffidence)".

==== Existence verbs ====
In Standard Japanese, the verb ''[[Japanese possessives#Iru and Aru|iru]]'' is used for reference to the existence of an [[animacy|animate]] object, and ''iru'' is replaced with ''oru'' in [[Honorific speech in Japanese#Humble language|humble language]] and some written language. In western Japanese, ''oru'' is used not only in humble language but also in all other situations instead of ''iru''.

Kansai dialect belongs to western Japanese, but いる {{IPA|/iru/}} and its variation, いてる {{IPA|/iteru/}} (mainly Osaka), are used in Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga and so on. People in these areas, especially Kyoto women, tend to consider おる {{IPA|/oru/}} an outspoken or contempt word. They usually use it for mates, inferiors and animals; avoid using for elders (exception: respectful expression ''orareru'' and humble expression ''orimasu''). In other areas such as Hyogo and Mie, いる {{IPA|/iru/}} is hardly used and おる {{IPA|/oru/}} does not have the negative usage. In parts of Wakayama, いる {{IPA|/iru/}} is replaced with ある {{IPA|/aru/}}, which is used for inanimate objects in most other dialects.

The verb おる {{IPA|/oru/}} is also used as a [[suffix]] and usually pronounced {{IPA|/-joru/}} in that case. In Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga, northern Nara and parts of Mie, mainly in masculine speech, -よる {{IPA|/-joru/}} shows annoying or contempt feelings for a third party, usually milder than -やがる {{IPA|/-jaɡaru/}}. In Hyogo, southern Nara and parts of Wakayama, -よる {{IPA|/-joru/}} is used for progressive aspect (See [[#Aspect|Aspect]]).

==== Negative ====
In informal speech, the negative verb ending, which is -ない {{IPA|/-nai/}} in standard Japanese, is expressed with -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} or -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}}, as in 行かん {{IPA|/ikaN/}} and 行かへん {{IPA|/ikaheN/}} "not going", which is 行かない {{IPA|/ikanai/}} in standard Japanese. -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} is a transformation of the classical Japanese negative form -ぬ {{IPA|/-nu/}} and is also used for some idioms in standard Japanese. -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} is the result of contraction and phonological change of はせん {{IPA|/-wa seN/}}, the emphatic form of {{IPA|/-N/}}. -やへん {{IPA|/-jaheN/}}, a transitional form between はせん {{IPA|/-wa seN/}} and へん {{IPA|/-heN/}}, is sometimes still used for 一段 ichidan verbs. The godan verbs conjugation before ''-hen'' has two varieties: the more common conjugation is {{IPA|/-aheN/}} like 行かへん {{IPA|/ik'''a'''heN/}}, but ''-ehen'' like 行けへん {{IPA|/ik'''e'''heN/}} is also used in Osaka. When the vowel before -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} is {{IPA|/-i/}}, -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} often changes to -ひん {{IPA|/-h'''i'''N/}}, especially in Kyoto. The past negative form is -んかった {{IPA|/-NkaQta/}} and {{IPA|/-heNkaQta/}}, a mixture of -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} or -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} and the standard past negative form -なかった {{IPA|/-nakaQta/}}. In traditional Kansai dialect, -なんだ {{IPA|/-naNda/}} and -へなんだ {{IPA|/-henaNda/}} is used in the past negative form.

* 五段 godan verbs: 使う {{IPA|/tukau/}} ("to use") becomes 使わん {{IPA|/tukawaN/}} and 使わへん {{IPA|/tukawaheN/}}, 使えへん {{IPA|/tukaeheN/}}
* 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる {{IPA|/okiru/}} ("to wake up") becomes 起きん {{IPA|/okiN/}} and 起きやへん {{IPA|/okijaheN/}}, 起きへん {{IPA|/okiheN/}}, 起きひん {{IPA|/okihiN/}}
** one mora verbs: 見る {{IPA|/miru/}} ("to see") becomes 見ん {{IPA|/miN/}} and 見やへん {{IPA|/mijaheN/}}, 見えへん {{IPA|/meːheN/}}, 見いひん {{IPA|/miːhiN/}}
* 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}} ("to eat") becomes 食べん {{IPA|/tabeN/}} and 食べやへん {{IPA|/tabejaheN/}}, 食べへん {{IPA|/tabeheN/}}
** one mora verbs: 寝る {{IPA|/neru/}} ("to sleep") becomes 寝ん {{IPA|/neN/}} and 寝やへん {{IPA|/nejaheN/}}, 寝えへん {{IPA|/neːheN/}}
* s-irregular verb: する {{IPA|/suru/}} becomes せん {{IPA|/seN/}} and しやへん {{IPA|/sijaheN/}}, せえへん {{IPA|/seːheN/}}, しいひん {{IPA|/siːhiN/}}
* k-irregular verb: 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} becomes 来ん {{IPA|/koN/}} and きやへん {{IPA|/kijaheN/}}, けえへん {{IPA|/keːheN/}}, きいひん {{IPA|/kiːhiN/}}
** 来おへん {{IPA|/koːheN/}}, a mixture けえへん {{IPA|/keːheN/}} with standard 来ない {{IPA|/konai/}}, is also used lately by young people, especially in Kobe.

Generally speaking, -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} is used in almost negative sentences and -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} is used in strong negative sentences and idiomatic expressions. For example, -んといて {{IPA|/-N toite/}} or -んとって {{IPA|/-N toQte/}} instead of standard -ないで {{IPA|/-nai de/}} means "please do not to do"; -んでもええ {{IPA|/-N demo eː/}} instead of standard -なくてもいい {{IPA|/-nakutemo iː/}} means "need not do";-んと（あかん） {{IPA|/-N to (akaN)/}} instead of standard -なくちゃ（いけない） {{IPA|/-nakutja (ikenai)/}} or -なければならない {{IPA|/-nakereba (naranai)/}} means "must do". The last expression can be replaced by -な（あかん）{{IPA|/-na (akaN)/}} or -んならん {{IPA|/-N naraN/}}.

==== Imperative ====
Kansai dialect has two imperative forms. One is the normal imperative form, inherited from [[Late Middle Japanese]]. The -ろ {{IPA|/-ro/}} form for ichidan verbs in standard Japanese is much rarer and replaced by {{IPA|/-i/}} or {{IPA|/-e/}} in Kansai. The normal imperative form is often followed by よ {{IPA|/jo/}} or や {{IPA|/ja/}}. The other is a soft and somewhat feminine form which uses the {{nihongo|adverbial|連用形|ren'yōkei}} (ます {{IPA|/-masu/}} stem), an abbreviation of {{nihongo|adverbial|連用形|ren'yōkei}} + {{IPA|/nasai/}}. The end of the soft imperative form is often elongated and is generally followed by や {{IPA|/ja/}} or な {{IPA|/na/}}. In Kyoto, women often add よし {{IPA|/-josi/}} to the soft imperative form.

* godan verbs: 使う {{IPA|/tukau/}} becomes 使え {{IPA|/tukae/}} in the normal form, 使い（い） {{IPA|/tukai(ː)/}} in the soft one.
* 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる {{IPA|/okiru/}} becomes 起きい {{IPA|/okiː/}} (L-H-L) in the normal form, 起き（い） {{IPA|/oki(ː)/}} (L-L-H) in the soft one.
* 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}} becomes 食べえ {{IPA|/tabeː/}} (L-H-L) in the normal form, 食べ（え） {{IPA|/tabe(ː)/}} (L-L-H) in the soft one.
* s-irregular verb: する {{IPA|/suru/}} becomes せえ {{IPA|/seː/}} in the normal form, し（い） {{IPA|/si(ː)/}} in the soft one.
* k-irregular verb: 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} becomes こい {{IPA|/koi/}} in the normal form, き（い） {{IPA|/ki(ː)/}} in the soft one.

In the negative imperative mood, Kansai dialect also has the somewhat soft form which uses the ''ren'yōkei'' + な {{IPA|/na/}}, an abbreviation of the ''ren'yōkei'' + なさるな {{IPA|/nasaruna/}}. な {{IPA|/na/}} sometimes changes to なや {{IPA|/naja/}} or ないな {{IPA|/naina/}}. This soft negative imperative form is the same as the soft imperative and な {{IPA|/na/}}, Kansai speakers can recognize the difference by accent, but Tokyo speakers are sometimes confused by a command ''not to do'' something, which they interpret as an order to ''do'' it. Accent on the soft imperative form is flat, and the accent on the soft negative imperative form has a downstep before ''na''.

* 五段 godan verbs: 使う {{IPA|/tukau/}} becomes 使うな {{IPA|/tukauna/}} in the normal form, 使いな {{IPA|/tukaina/}} in the soft one.
* 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる {{IPA|/okiru/}} becomes 起きるな {{IPA|/okiruna/}} in the normal form, 起きな {{IPA|/okina/}} in the soft one.
* 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}} becomes 食べるな {{IPA|/taberuna/}} in the normal form, 食べな {{IPA|/tabena/}} in the soft one.
* s-irregular verb: する {{IPA|/suru/}} becomes するな {{IPA|/suruna/}} or すな {{IPA|/suna/}} in the normal form, しな {{IPA|/sina/}} in the soft one.
* k-irregular verb: 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} becomes 来るな {{IPA|/kuruna/}} in the normal form, きな {{IPA|/kina/}} in the soft one.

=== Adjectives ===
The [[Stem (linguistics)|stem]] of adjective forms in Kansai dialect is generally the same as in standard Japanese, except for regional vocabulary differences. The same process that reduced the Classical Japanese terminal and attributive endings (し {{IPA|/-si/}} and き {{IPA|/-ki/}}, respectively) to {{IPA|/-i/}} has reduced also the ren'yōkei ending く {{IPA|/-ku/}} to {{IPA|/-u/}}, yielding such forms as 早う {{IPA|/hajoː/}} (contraction of 早う {{IPA|/hajau/}}) for 早く {{IPA|/hajaku/}} ("quickly"). Dropping the consonant from the final mora in all forms of adjective endings has been a frequent occurrence in Japanese over the centuries (and is the origin of such forms as ありがとう {{IPA|/ariɡatoː/}} and おめでとう {{IPA|/omedetoː/}}), but the Kantō speech preserved く {{IPA|/-ku/}} while reducing し {{IPA|/-si/}} and き {{IPA|/-ki/}} to {{IPA|/-i/}}, thus accounting for the discrepancy in the standard language (see also [[Late Middle Japanese#Onbin|Onbin]])

The {{IPA|/-i/}} ending can be dropped and the last vowel of the adjective's stem can be stretched out for a second [[mora (linguistics)|mora]], sometimes with a tonal change for emphasis. By this process, ''omoroi'' "interesting, funny" becomes ''omorō'' and ''atsui'' "hot" becomes ''atsū'' or ''attsū''. This use of the adjective's stem, often as an exclamation, is seen in classical literature and many dialects of modern Japanese, but is more often used in modern Kansai dialect.

There is not a special conjugated form for presumptive of adjectives in Kansai dialect, it is just addition of やろ {{IPA|/jaro/}} to the plain form. For example, 安かろう {{IPA|/jasukaroː/}} (the presumptive form of 安い {{IPA|/jasui/}} "cheap") is hardly used and is usually replaced with the plain form + やろ {{IPA|/jaro/}} likes 安いやろ {{IPA|/jasui jaro/}}. Polite suffixes です/だす/どす {{IPA|/desu, dasu, dosu/}} and ます {{IPA|/-masu/}} are also added やろ {{IPA|/jaro/}} for presumptive form instead of でしょう {{IPA|/desjoː/}} in standard Japanese. For example, 今日は晴れでしょう {{IPA|/kjoː wa hare desjoː/}}  ("It may be fine weather today") is replaced with 今日は晴れですやろ {{IPA|/kjoː wa hare desu jaro/}}.

=== Copulae ===
[[File:Ja da ya.png|thumb|220px|''Ya'' is used mainly in the zone colored in yellow.]]
The standard Japanese [[copula (linguistics)|copula]] ''da'' is replaced by the Kansai dialect copula ''ya''. The inflected forms maintain this difference, resulting in ''yaro'' for ''darō'' (presumptive), ''yatta'' for ''datta'' (past); ''darō'' is often considered to be a masculine expression, but ''yaro'' is used by both men and women. The negative copula ''de wa nai'' or ''ja nai'' is replaced by ''ya nai'' or ''ya arahen/arehen'' in Kansai dialect. ''Ya'' originated from ''ja'' (a variation of ''dearu'') in late Edo period and is still commonly used in other parts of western Japan like [[Hiroshima]], and is also used stereotypically by old men in fiction.

''Ya'' and ''ja'' are used only informally, analogically to the standard ''da'', while the standard ''desu'' is by and large used for the polite (teineigo) copula. For polite speech, -''masu'', ''desu'' and ''gozaimasu'' are used in Kansai as well as in Tokyo, but traditional Kansai dialect has its own polite forms. ''Desu'' is replaced by ''dasu'' in Osaka and ''dosu'' in Kyoto. There is another unique polite form ''omasu'' and it is often replaced by ''osu'' in Kyoto. The usage of ''omasu/osu'' is same as ''gozaimasu'', the polite form of the verb ''aru'' and also be used for polite form of adjectives, but it is more informal than ''gozaimasu''. In Osaka, ''dasu'' and ''omasu'' are sometimes shortened to ''da'' and ''oma''. ''Omasu'' and ''osu'' have their negative forms ''omahen'' and ''ohen''.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ The politeness levels of copula
|-
!
!impolite
!informal
!polite1
!polite2
!polite formal
|-
!Osaka
|rowspan=2|''ja''
|rowspan=2|''ya''
|''dasu''
|''de omasu''
|rowspan=2|''de gozaimasu''
|-
!Kyoto
|colspan=2|''dosu''
|}

When some sentence-final particles and a presumptive inflection ''yaro'' follow -''su'' ending polite forms, ''su'' is often combined especially in Osaka. Today, this feature is usually considered to be dated or exaggerated Kansai dialect.
* -n'na (-su + na), emphasis. e.g. ''Bochi-bochi den'na.'' ("So-so, you know.")
* -n'nen (-su + nen), emphasis. e.g. ''Chaiman'nen.'' ("It is wrong")
* -ngana (-su + gana), emphasis. e.g. ''Yoroshū tanomimangana.'' ("Nice to meet you")
* -kka (-su + ka), question. e.g. ''Mōkarimakka?'' ("How's business?")
* -n'no (-su + no), question. e.g. ''Nani yūteman'no?'' ("What are you talking about?")
* -sse (-su + e, a variety of yo), explain, advise. e.g. ''Ee toko oshiemasse!'' ("I'll show you a nice place!")
* -ssharo (-su + yaro), surmise, make sure. e.g. ''Kyō wa hare dessharo.'' ("It may be fine weather today")

=== Aspect ===
In common Kansai dialect, there are two forms for the [[continuous and progressive aspects]] -''teru'' and -''toru''; the former is a shortened form of -''te iru'' just as does standard Japanese, the latter is a shortened form of -''te oru'' which is common to other western Japanese. The proper use between -''teru'' and -''toru'' is same as [[#Existence verbs|''iru'' and ''oru'']].

In the expression to the condition of inanimate objects, -''taru'' or -''taaru'' form, a shortened form of -''te aru''. In standard Japanese, -''te aru'' is only used with [[transitive verb]]s, but Kansai -''taru'' or -''taaru'' is also used with [[intransitive verb]]s. One should note that -''te yaru'', "to do for someone," is also contracted to -''taru'' (-''charu'' in Senshu and Wakayama), so as not to confuse the two.

Other Western Japanese as Chūgoku and Shikoku dialects has the discrimination of [[grammatical aspect]], -''yoru'' in [[Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive]] and -''toru'' in [[Perfect (grammar)|perfect]]. In Kansai, some dialects of southern Hyogo and Kii Peninsula have these discrimination, too. In parts of Wakayama, -''yoru'' and -''toru'' are replaced with -''yaru'' and -''taaru/chaaru''.

=== Politeness ===
[[File:Okoshiyasu in Gion.jpg|thumb|''Okoshi yasu'' "Welcome" on a billboard for visitors in [[Gion]], Kyōto]]
{{See also|Honorific speech in Japanese}}
Historically, extensive use of keigo (honorific speech) was a feature of the Kansai dialect, especially in Kyōto, while the Kantō dialect, from which standard Japanese developed, formerly lacked it. Keigo in standard Japanese was originally borrowed from the medieval Kansai dialect. However, keigo is no longer considered a feature of the dialect since Standard Japanese now also has it. Even today, keigo is used more often in Kansai than in the other dialects except for the standard Japanese, to which people switch in formal situations.

In modern Kansai dialect, -''haru'' (sometimes -''yaharu'' except ''godan'' verbs, mainly Kyōto) is used for showing reasonable respect without formality especially in Kyōto. The conjugation before -''haru'' has two varieties between Kyōto and Ōsaka (see the table below). In Southern Hyōgo, including Kōbe, ''-te ya'' is used instead of -''haru''. In formal speech, -''naharu'' and -''haru'' connect with -''masu'' and -''te ya'' changes -''te desu''.

-''Haru'' was originally a shortened form of -''naharu'', a transformation of -''nasaru''. -''Naharu'' has been dying out due to the spread of -''haru'' but its imperative form -''nahare'' (mainly Ōsaka) or -''nahai'' (mainly Kyōto, also -''nai'') and negative imperative form -''nasan'na'' or -''nahan'na'' has comparatively survived because -''haru'' lacks an imperative form. In more honorific speech, ''o- yasu'', a transformation of ''o- asobasu'', is used especially in Kyōto and its original form is same to its imperative form, showing polite invitation or order. ''Oide yasu'' and ''okoshi yasu'' (more respectful), meaning "welcome", are the common phrases of sightseeing areas in Kyōto. -''Te okun nahare'' (also -''tokun nahare'', -''toku nahare'') and -''te okure yasu'' (also -''tokure yasu'', -''tokuryasu'') are used instead of -''te kudasai'' in standard Japanese.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ The honorific form of Kansai dialect
|-
!
! use
! see
! exist
! eat
! do
! come
! -te form
|-
! original
| tsukau
| miru
| iru, oru
| taberu
| suru
| kuru
| -teru
|-
! o- yasu
| otsukaiyasu
| omiyasu
| oiyasu
| otabeyasu
| oshiyasu
| okoshiyasu, oideyasu
| -toiyasu
|-
! -naharu
| tsukainaharu
| minaharu
| inaharu
| tabenaharu
| shinaharu
| kinaharu
| -tenaharu
|-
! -haru in Kyōto
| tsukawaharu
|rowspan="2"| miharu
|rowspan="2"| iharu<br>iteharu (mainly Ōsaka)
|rowspan="2"| tabeharu
|rowspan="2"| shiharu
|rowspan="2"| kiharu
| -taharu
|-
! -haru in Ōsaka
| tsukaiharu
| -teharu
|-
! -yaharu
|
| miyaharu
| iyaharu<br>yaharu
| tabeyaharu
| shiyaharu<br>shaharu
| kiyaharu<br>kyaharu
| -teyaharu
|-
! -te ya
| tsukōte ya
| mite ya
| otte ya
| tabete ya
| shite ya
| kite ya
| -totte ya
|}

=== Particles ===
{{See also|Japanese particles}}

There is some difference in the particles between Kansai dialect and standard Japanese. In colloquial Kansai dialect, {{nihongo|case markers|格助詞|kaku-joshi}} are often left out especially the [[accusative case]] ''o'' and the quotation particles ''to'' and ''te'' (equivalent to ''tte'' in standard). The ellipsis of ''to'' and ''te'' happens only before two verbs: ''yū'' (to say) and ''omou'' (to think). For example, ''Tanaka-san to yū hito'' ("a man called Mr. Tanaka") can change to ''Tanaka-san yū hito''. And ''to yū'' is sometimes contracted to ''chū'' or ''tchū'' instead of ''te'', ''tsū'' or ''ttsū'' in Tokyo. For example, ''nanto yū koto da!'' or ''nante kotta!'' ("My goodness!") becomes ''nanchū kotcha!'' in Kansai.

The {{nihongo|interjectory particle|間投助詞|kantō-joshi}} ''na'' or ''naa'' is used very often in Kansai dialect instead of ''ne'' or ''nee'' in standard Japanese. In standard Japanese, ''naa'' is considered rough masculine style in some context, but in Kansai dialect ''naa'' is used by both men and women in many familiar situations. It is not only used as an interjectory particle (as emphasis for the imperative form, expression and admiration, and address to listeners, for example), and the meaning varies depending on context and voice intonation, so much so that ''naa'' has been called the world's third most difficult word to translate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3830521.stm|title=Congo word 'most untranslatable'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=June 22, 2004|access-date=September 19, 2011}}</ref> Besides ''naa'' and ''nee'', ''noo'' is also used in some areas, but ''noo'' is usually considered too harsh a masculine particle in modern Keihanshin.

''Kara'' and ''node'', the {{nihongo|conjunctive particles|接続助詞|setsuzoku-joshi}} meaning "because," are replaced by ''sakai'' or ''yotte''; ''ni'' is sometimes added to the end of both, and ''sakai'' changes to ''sake'' in some areas. ''Sakai'' was so famous as the characteristic particle of Kansai dialect that a special saying was made out of it: {{nihongo|"''Sakai'' in Osaka and ''Berabō'' in Edo"|大阪さかいに江戸べらぼう|Ōsaka sakai ni Edo berabō}}". However, in recent years, the standard ''kara'' and ''node'' have become dominant.

''Kate'' or ''katte'' is also characteristic particle of Kansai dialect, transformation of ''ka tote''. ''Kate'' has two usages. When ''kate'' is used with conjugative words, mainly in the past form and the negative form, it is the equivalent of the English "even if" or "even though", such as ''Kaze hiita kate, watashi wa ryokō e iku'' ("Even if [I] catch a cold, I will go on the trip"). When ''kate'' is used with nouns, it means something like "even", "too," or "either", such as ''Ore kate shiran'' ("I don't know, either"), and is similar to the particle ''mo'' and ''datte''.

==== Sentence final particles ====
The {{nihongo|[[sentence-final particle]]s|終助詞|shū-joshi}} used in Kansai differ widely from those used in Tokyo. The most prominent to Tokyo speakers is the heavy use of ''wa'' by men. In standard Japanese, it is used exclusively by women and so is said to sound softer. In western Japanese including Kansai dialect, however, it is used equally by both men and women in many different levels of conversation. It is noted that the feminine usage of ''wa'' in Tokyo is pronounced with a rising intonation and the Kansai usage of ''wa'' is pronounced with a falling intonation.

Another difference in sentence final particles that strikes the ear of the Tokyo speaker is the ''nen'' particle such as ''nande ya nen!'', "you gotta be kidding!" or "why/what the hell?!", a stereotype [[Manzai#Boke and tsukkomi|tsukkomi]] phrase in the manzai. It comes from ''no ya'' (particle ''no'' + copula ''ya'', also ''n ya'') and much the same as the standard Japanese ''no da'' (also ''n da''). ''Nen'' has some variation, such as ''neya'' (intermediate form between ''no ya'' and ''nen''), ''ne'' (shortened form), and ''nya'' (softer form of ''neya''). When a copula precedes these particles, ''da'' + ''no da'' changes to ''na no da'' (''na n da'') and ''ya'' + ''no ya'' changes to ''na no ya'' (''na n ya''), but ''ya'' + ''nen'' does not change to ''na nen''. ''No da'' is never used with polite form, but ''no ya'' and ''nen'' can be used with formal form such as ''nande desu nen'', a formal form of ''nande ya nen''. In past tense, ''nen'' changes to ''-ten''; for example, "I love you" would be ''suki ya nen'' or ''sukkya nen'', and "I loved you" would be ''suki yatten.''

In the interrogative sentence, the use of ''nen'' and ''no ya'' is restricted to emphatic questions and involves [[interrogative word]]s. For simple questions, ''(no) ka'' is usually used and ''ka'' is often omitted as well as standard Japanese, but ''no'' is often changed ''n'' or ''non'' (somewhat feminine) in Kansai dialect. In standard Japanese, ''kai'' is generally used as a masculine variation of ''ka'', but in Kansai dialect, ''kai'' is used as an emotional question and is mainly used for rhetorical question rather than simple question and is often used in the forms as ''kaina'' (softer) and ''kaiya'' (harsher). When ''kai'' follows the negative verb ending -''n'', it means strong imperative sentence. In some areas such as Kawachi and Banshu, ''ke'' is used instead of ''ka'', but it is considered a harsh masculine particle in common Kansai dialect.

The emphatic particle ''ze'', heard often from Tokyo men, is rarely heard in Kansai. Instead, the particle ''de'' is used, arising from the replacement of ''z'' with ''d'' in words. However, despite the similarity with ''ze'', the Kansai ''de'' does not carry nearly as heavy or rude a connotation, as it is influenced by the lesser stress on formality and distance in Kansai. In Kyoto, especially feminine speech, ''de'' is sometimes replaced with ''e''. The particle ''zo'' is also replaced to ''do'' by some Kansai speakers, but ''do'' carries a rude masculine impression unlike ''de''.

The emphasis or [[tag question]] particle ''jan ka'' in the casual speech of Kanto changes to ''yan ka'' in Kansai. ''Yan ka'' has some variations, such as a masculine variation ''yan ke'' (in some areas, but ''yan ke'' is also used by women) and a shortened variation ''yan'', just like ''jan'' in Kanto. ''Jan ka'' and ''jan'' are used only in informal speech, but ''yan ka'' and ''yan'' can be used with formal forms like ''sugoi desu yan!'' ("It is great!"). Youngsters often use ''yan naa'', the combination of ''yan'' and ''naa'' for tag question.