Editing Kannada (section)

==Literature==
{{Main|Kannada literature|List of important milestones in Kannada literature | List of notable epics in the Kannada language}}

===Old Kannada===
{{Main|Rashtrakuta literature|Western Ganga literature| Kannada literature in the Western Chalukya Empire|Hoysala literature | Medieval Kannada literature}}
[[File:11th century Someshwara temple, Lakshmeswar, Karnataka India - 89.jpg|thumb|[[Lakshmeshwara Jain temples|Shankha Jain Basadi]] temple at Lakshmeshwar where the notable [[Adikavi Pampa]] wrote the [[Adipurana]] in Kannada language]]
The oldest known existing record of Kannada poetry in ''Tripadi'' metre is the [[Kappe Arabhatta]] record of the 7th century AD.<ref name="hal" /><ref name="poetry">Kamath (2001), p. 67</ref> ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' by King Nripatunga [[Amoghavarsha]] I (850&nbsp;AD) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King [[Durvinita]] of the 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636&nbsp;AD.<ref name="extinct_works6">Sastri (1955), p355</ref><ref>Kamath (2001), p90</ref> Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of [[Kannada grammar]] and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier.<ref name="extinct_works6"/><ref name="extinct_works5">{{cite web |title=History of the Kannada Literature-I |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm |author=Jyotsna Kamat |publisher=Kamat's Potpourri |work=Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006 |access-date=25 November 2006}}</ref> An early [[Extant literature|extant]] prose work, the ''Vaḍḍārādhane'' (ವಡ್ಡಾರಾಧನೆ) by [[Shivakotiacharya]] of 900&nbsp;AD provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of [[Shravanabelagola]].<ref name="kavirajamarga">Sastri (1955), p356</ref>

Some early writers of prose and verse mentioned in the ''Kavirajamarga,'' numbering 8–10, stating these are but a few of many, but whose works are lost, are Vimala or Vimalachandra (c. 777), Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabandhu, Durvinita (6th century), and poets including Kaviswara, Srivijaya, Pandita, Chandra, Ravi Kirti (c. 634) and Lokapala.<ref name="jstor"/><ref>Rao in Datta (1994), pp. 2278–2283</ref><ref name=":5">R. Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 2, 4–5, 12–18, 29</ref><ref name=":6">Warder (1988), pp. 240–241</ref><ref name="dandin" /> For fragmentary information on these writers, we can refer the work ''Karnataka Kavi Charite''. Ancient indigenous Kannada literary compositions of (folk) poetry like the ''Chattana'' and ''Bedande'', which preferred to use the ''Desi'' metre, are said to have survived at least until the date of the Kavirajamarga in 850&nbsp;AD and had their roots in the early Kannada folk literature. These Kannada verse-compositions might have been representative of folk songs containing influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit metrical patterns to some extent. "Kavirajamarga" also discusses earlier composition forms peculiar to Kannada, the "gadyakatha", a mixture of prose and poetry, the "''chattana''" and the "''bedande''", poems of several stanzas that were meant to be sung with the optional use of a musical instrument.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Garg (1987), vol. 4</ref><ref>Nagaraj in Sheldon (2003), p. 333</ref> [[Amoghavarsha Nripathunga|Amoghavarsha Nripatunga]] compares the ''puratana-kavigal'' (old Kannada poets) who wrote the great ''Chattana'' poems in Kannada to the likes of the great Sanskrit poets like Gunasuri, Narayana, Bharavi, Kalidasa, Magha, etc. This Old Kannada work, ''Kavirajamarga'', itself in turn refers to a ''Palagannada'' (Old Kannada) of much ancient times, which is nothing but the Pre-Old Kannada and also warns aspiring Kannada writers to avoid its archaisms, as per R. S. Hukkerikar. Regarding earlier poems in Kannada, the author of "''Kavirajamarga''" states that old Kannada is appropriate in ancient poems but insipid in contemporaneous works as per R. Narasimhacharya.<ref name="jstor"/><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hukkerikar |first=Ramarao. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsYBAAAAMAAJ |title=Karnataka Darshana |publisher=R. S. Hukkerikar; sole distributor: Popular Book Depot |year=1955 |pages=85, 87, 178, 205 |language=en}}</ref> Gunanandi (900&nbsp;AD), quoted by the grammarian Bhattakalanka and always addressed as ''Bhagawan'' (the adorable), was the author of a logic, grammar and ''sahitya''. Durvinita (529–579&nbsp;AD), the Ganga king, was the pupil of the author of Sabdavatara, i.e., Devanandi Pujyapada. Durvinita is said to have written a commentary on the difficult 15th ''sarga'' of Bharavi's ''Kiratarjuniya'' in Kannada. Early Kannada writers regularly mention three poets as of especial eminence among their predecessors – Samanta-bhadra, Kavi Parameshthi and Pujyapada. Since later Kannada poets so uniformly name these three as eminent poets, it is probable that they wrote in Kannada also. Samantabhadra is placed in the 2nd century AD by Jain tradition. Old Kannada commentaries on some of his works exist. He was said to have been born in Utkalikagrama and while performing penance in Manuvakahalli, he was attacked by a disease called ''Bhasmaka''.<ref name="jstor">{{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=Benjamin Lewis |date=April 1890 |title=Early History of Kannaḍa Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208973 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |language=en |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=254–256, 245–262 |jstor=25208973}}</ref> Pujyapada also called Devanandi, was the preceptor of Ganga king Durvinita and belonged to the late 5th to early 6th century AD. Kaviparameshthi probably lived in the 4th century AD. He may possibly be the same as the ''Kaviswara'' referred to in the Kavirajamarga, and the ''Kaviparameswara'' praised by Chavunda Raya (978&nbsp;AD) and his spiritual teacher, Nemichandra (10th century AD), all the names possibly being only epithets.<ref name="archive">{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=Edward Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkanares00rice_0/page/22/mode/1up?view=theater |title=A History of Kanarese Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1915 |pages=22–26 |language=en}}</ref>

Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the [[Kavirajamarga]] are not yet traced. Some ancient Kannada texts now considered extinct but referenced in later centuries are ''Prabhrita'' (650&nbsp;AD) by Syamakundacharya, ''Chudamani'' (Crest Jewel—650&nbsp;AD or earlier) by Srivaradhadeva, also known as Tumbuluracharya, which is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic (''Tatwartha-mahashastra'').<ref name="extint_works">The seventeenth-century Kannada grammarian Bhattakalanka wrote about the ''Chudamani'' as a milestone in the literature of the Kannada language (Sastri (1955), p355)</ref><ref name="extinct_works1">{{cite web |title=History of the Kannada Literature – I |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm |author=Jyotsna Kamat |publisher=Kamat's Potpourri |work=Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006 |access-date=25 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="extinct_works2">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp 4–5</ref> Other sources date ''Chudamani'' to the 6th century or earlier.<ref name="dandin">6th century Sanskrit poet Dandin praised Srivaradhadeva's writing as "having produced [[Saraswati]] from the tip of his tongue, just as [[Shiva]] produced the [[Ganges]] from the tip of his top knot" (Rice E.P., 1921, pp.25–28)</ref><ref name="god2">Rice, B.L. (1897), pp.&nbsp;496–497</ref> An inscription of 1128&nbsp;AD quotes a couplet by the famous Sanskrit poet Dandin (active 680–720&nbsp;AD), highly praising Srivaradhadeva, for his Kannada work Chudamani, as having "produced Saraswati (i.e., learning and eloquence) from the tip of his tongue, as Siva produced the Ganges from the tip of his top-knot." Bhattakalanka (1604&nbsp;CE), the great Kannada grammarian, refers to Srivaradhadeva's Chudamani as the greatest work in Kannada, and as incontestable proof of the scholarly character and value of Kannada literature. This makes Srivaradhadeva's time earlier than the 6th–7th century AD.<ref name="archive"/> Other writers, whose works are not extant now but titles of which are known from independent references such as Indranandi's "Srutavatara", Devachandra's "Rajavalikathe",<ref name=":5" /> Bhattakalanka's "Sabdanusasana" of 1604,<ref name="extinct_works6" /> writings of Jayakirthi<ref name=":7">Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (1980), p. 50, 67</ref> are Syamakundacharya (650), who authored the "Prabhrita", and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, 650 or earlier), who wrote the "Chudamani" ("Crest Jewel"), a 96,000-verse commentary on logic.<ref name="extinct_works6" /><ref name="dandin" /><ref name="god2" /><ref>Mugali (1975), p. 13</ref> The ''Karnateshwara Katha'', a eulogy for King [[Pulakesi II]], is said to have belonged to the 7th century;<ref name=":7" /> the ''Gajastaka'', a lost "ashtaka" (eight line verse) composition and a work on elephant management by King [[Shivamara II]], belonged to the 8th century,<ref name="early_works3">Kamath (2001), p50, p67</ref> this served as the basis for 2 popular folk songs ''Ovanige'' and ''Onakevadu,'' which were sung either while pounding corn or to entice wild elephants into a pit ("''Ovam''").<ref name=":7" /><ref name="google"/><ref>Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 248</ref> The ''Chandraprabha-purana'' by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of emperor [[Amoghavarsha I]], is ascribed to the early 9th century.<ref name=":5" /> His writing has been mentioned by Vijayanagara poets Mangarasa III and Doddiah (also spelt Doddayya, c. 1550&nbsp;AD) and praised by Durgasimha (c. 1025&nbsp;AD).<ref name="extinct_works4">The author and his work were praised by the latter-day poet Durgasimha of AD 1025 (R. Narasimhacharya 1988, p18.)</ref> During the 9th century period, the Digambara Jain poet Asaga (or Asoka) authored, among other writings, "Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya" and "Varadamana Charitra". His works have been praised by later poets, although none of his works are available today.<ref name=":6" /> "Gunagankiyam", the earliest known prosody in Kannada, was referenced in a Tamil work dated to the 10th century or earlier ("Yapparungalakkarigai" by Amritasagara). Gunanandi, an expert in logic, Kannada grammar and prose, flourished in the 9th century AD.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="dandin" /> Around 900&nbsp;AD, Gunavarma I wrote "Sudraka" and "Harivamsa" (also known as "Neminatha Purana"). In "Sudraka" he compared his patron, Ganga king Ereganga Neetimarga II (c. 907–921&nbsp;AD), to a noted king called Sudraka.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="early_works3" /> Jinachandra, who is referred to by Sri Ponna (c. 950&nbsp;AD) as the author of "Pujyapada Charita", had earned the honorific "modern Samantha Bhadra".<ref>Benjamin Lewis Rice (1985), p xv</ref> Tamil Buddhist commentators of the 10th century AD (in the commentary on ''Neminatham'', a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished as early as the BC 4th century.<ref name="greek_roman">{{cite web |title=The place of Kannada and Tamil in India's national culture |url=http://www.intamm.com/journalism/ta-jour3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415154722/http://www.intamm.com/journalism/ta-jour3.htm |archive-date=15 April 2007 |author=K. Appadurai |publisher=INTAMM|access-date=25 November 2006}}</ref>

Around the beginning of the 9th century, Old Kannada was spoken from [[Kaveri]] to [[Godavari]]. The Kannada spoken between the rivers [[Varada]] and [[Malaprabha]] was the pure well of Kannada undefiled.<ref name="{{ISBN|9788120605596}}">{{Cite book|last1=Narasimhacharya|first1=R.|title=History of Kannada Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yhXRDSgBuL0C&q=tulu&pg=PA49|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1942|isbn=9788120605596|year=1999}}</ref>

The late classical period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including ''Ragale'' (a form of blank verse) and meters like ''Sangatya'' and ''Shatpadi''. The works of this period are based on [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] principles. Two of the early writers of this period are [[Harihara (poet)|Harihara]] and Raghavanka, trailblazers in their own right. Harihara established the ''Ragale'' form of composition while [[Raghavanka]] popularised the ''Shatpadi'' (six-lined stanza) meter.<ref name="hari">Sastri (1955), pp&nbsp;361–2</ref> A famous [[Jainism|Jaina]] writer of the same period is [[Janna]], who expressed Jain religious teachings through his works.<ref name="jan">Narasimhacharya (1988), p20</ref>

The [[Vachana|Vachana Sahitya]] tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature, and the sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy poems on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include [[Basavanna]], [[Allama Prabhu]] and [[Akka Mahadevi]].<ref name="akka">Sastri (1955), p361</ref>

Emperor Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I of 850&nbsp;AD recognised that the Sanskrit style of Kannada literature was ''Margi'' (formal or written form of language) and ''Desi'' (folk or spoken form of language) style was popular and made his people aware of the strength and beauty of their native language Kannada. In 1112&nbsp;AD, Jain poet Nayasena of Mulugunda, Dharwad district, in his Champu work ''Dharmamrita'' (ಧರ್ಮಾಮೃತ), a book on morals, warns writers from mixing Kannada with Sanskrit by comparing it with mixing of clarified butter and oil. He has written it using very limited Sanskrit words that fit with idiomatic Kannada. In 1235&nbsp;AD, Jain poet Andayya, wrote ''Kabbigara Kava''- ಕಬ್ಬಿಗರ ಕಾವ (Poet's Defender), also called ''Sobagina Suggi'' (Harvest of Beauty) or ''Madana-Vijaya and'' ''Kavana-Gella'' (Cupid's Conquest)'','' a ''Champu'' work in pure Kannada using only indigenous (''desya'') Kannada words and the derived form of Sanskrit words – ''tadbhavas'', without the admixture of Sanskrit words. He succeeded in his challenge and proved wrong those who had advocated that it was impossible to write a work in Kannada without using Sanskrit words. Andayya may be considered as a protector of Kannada poets who were ridiculed by Sanskrit advocates. Thus Kannada is the only Dravidian language that is not only capable of using only native Kannada words and grammar in its literature (like Tamil), but also use Sanskrit grammar and vocabulary (like Telugu, Malayalam, Tulu, etc.) The Champu style of literature of mixing poetry with prose owes its origins to the Kannada language and was later incorporated by poets into Sanskrit and other Indian languages.<ref name="google">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=andayya|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|publisher=Sahitya Akademi, 1987|isbn=9788126018031|year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC|title=Indian Literature|last=Nagendra|first=Dr.|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan, 1988|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|quote=andayya pure kannada.|title=History of Kannada Literature: Readership Lectures|last=Narasimhacharya|first=Ramanujapuram|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1988|isbn=9788120603035|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2noBgAAQBAJ|title=Gods, Heroes and their Story Tellers: Intangible cultural heritage of South India|last=Hari Saravanan|first=V.|publisher=Notion Press, 2014|isbn=9789384391492|year=2014}}</ref><ref name="kannada literature">Rice, Edward. P (1921), "A History of Kannada Literature", Oxford University Press, 1921: 14–15</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhCH-NRatUC&pg=PA101|title=A History of Kannada Literature|last=Rice|first=Edward P.|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1982|isbn=9788120600638|pages=15, 44}}</ref>

===Middle Kannada===
{{Main|Kannada literature in Vijayanagara empire|Literature of the Kingdom of Mysore}}
During the period between the 15th and 18th centuries, [[Hinduism]] had a great influence on Middle Kannada (''Naḍugannaḍa''- ನಡುಗನ್ನಡ) language and literature. [[Kumara Vyasa]], who wrote the ''Karṇāṭa Bhārata Kathāman̄jari'' (ಕರ್ಣಾಟ ಭಾರತ ಕಥಾಮಂಜರಿ), was arguably the most influential Kannada writer of this period. His work, entirely composed in the native ''Bhamini Shatpadi'' (hexa-meter), is a sublime adaptation of the first ten books of the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="kumar">Sastri (1955), p364</ref>
During this period, the Sanskritic influence is present in most abstract, religious, scientific and rhetorical terms.<ref name="influence">"Literature in all Dravidian languages owes a great deal to Sanskrit, the magic wand whose touch raised each of the languages from a level of patois to that of a literary idiom". (Sastri 1955, p309)</ref><ref name="inf">Takahashi, Takanobu. 1995. Tamil love poetry and poetics. Brill's Indological library, v. 9. Leiden: E.J. Brill, p16,18</ref><ref name="sang">"The author endeavours to demonstrate that the entire Sangam poetic corpus follows the "Kavya" form of Sanskrit poetry"-Tieken, Herman Joseph Hugo. 2001. Kāvya in South India: old Tamil Caṅkam poetry. Groningen: Egbert Forsten</ref> During this period, several [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] words came into Kannada, chiefly relating to feudalism and militia.<ref>{{Cite book | year=1899 | title = A Kannaḍa-English school-dictionary: chiefly based on the labours of the Rev. Dr. F. Kittel | author1=J. Bucher | author2=Ferdinand Kittel | publisher=Basel Mission Book & Tract Depository | url=https://archive.org/details/kannadaenglishsc00buchrich}}</ref>

Hindu saints of the [[Vaishnava]] sect such as [[Kanakadasa]], [[Purandaradasa]], [[Naraharitirtha]], [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Sripadaraya]], [[Vadirajatirtha]], [[Vijaya Dasa]], [[Gopala Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], Prasanna Venkatadasa produced devotional poems in this period.<ref name="bhakti">Sastri (1955), pp&nbsp;364–365</ref> Kanakadasa's ''Rāmadhānya Charite'' (ರಾಮಧಾನ್ಯ ಚರಿತೆ) is a rare work, concerning with the issue of class struggle.<ref name="ragi">The writing exalts the grain Ragi above all other grains that form the staple foods of much of modern Karnataka (Sastri 1955, p365)</ref> This period saw the advent of ''[[Haridasa]] Sahitya'' (''lit'' Dasa literature), which made rich contributions to ''[[Bhakti]]'' literature and sowed the seeds of Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa is widely considered the ''Father of Carnatic music''.<ref name="pura">{{cite book
|last=Moorthy
|first=Vijaya
|title=Romance of the Raga
|publisher=Abinav publications
|year=2001
|page=67
|isbn=978-81-7017-382-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2s2xJetsy0wC&q=Romance+of+the+Raga&pg=PP1}}</ref><ref name="tattu">Iyer (2006), p93</ref><ref name="kana">Sastri (1955), p365</ref>

===Modern Kannada===
{{Main|Modern Kannada literature|Kannada poetry}}
The Kannada works produced from the 19th century make a gradual transition and are classified as ''Hosagannaḍa'' or Modern Kannada. Most notable among the modernists was the poet [[Muddana|Nandalike Muddana]] whose writing may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada", though generally, linguists treat ''Indira Bai'' or ''Saddharma Vijayavu'' by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada. The first modern [[movable type]] printing of "Canarese" appears to be the ''Canarese Grammar'' of [[William Carey (missionary)|Carey]] printed at [[Serampore]] in 1817, and the "[[Bible translations into Kannada|Bible in Canarese]]" of [[John Hands]] in 1820.<ref>Report on the administration of Mysore – Page 90 Mysore – 1864 "There is no authentic record of the casting of the first Early Canarese printing. Canarese type, but a Canarese Grammar by Carey printed at Serampore in 1817 is extant. About the same time a translation of the Scriptures was printed</ref> The first novel printed was [[John Bunyan]]'s ''[[Pilgrim's Progress]]'', along with other texts including ''Canarese Proverbs'', ''The History of Little Henry and his Bearer'' by [[Mary Martha Sherwood]], [[Christian Gottlob Barth]]'s ''Bible Stories'' and "a Canarese hymn book."<ref>Missions in south India – Page 56 [[Joseph Mullens]] – 1854 "Among those of the former are tracts on Caste, on the Hindu gods; Canarese Proverbs; Henry and his Bearer; the Pilgrim's Progress; Barth's Bible Stories; a Canarese hymn book"</ref>

Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably ''Navodaya'', ''Navya'', ''Navyottara'', ''Dalita'' and ''Bandaya''. Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Further, Kannada has produced a number of prolific and renowned poets and writers such as [[Kuvempu]], [[Bendre]], and [[V K Gokak]]. Works of Kannada literature have received eight [[Jnanpith|Jnanpith awards]],<ref>{{Cite news|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2468374.ece |title=Jnanpith for Kambar|date=20 September 2011|newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref> the highest number awarded to any Indian language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html |title=Welcome to: Bhartiya Jnanpith |publisher=jnanpith.net |access-date=7 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122739/http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 }}</ref>

=== Dictionaries ===
Kannada–Kannada dictionary has existed in Kannada along with ancient works of Kannada grammar. The oldest available Kannada dictionary was composed by the poet 'Ranna' called 'Ranna Kanda' (ರನ್ನ ಕಂದ) in 996&nbsp;AD. Other dictionaries are '[[Abhidhana]] Vastukosha' (ಅಭಿದಾನ ವಾಸ್ತುಕೋಶ) by Nagavarma (1045&nbsp;AD), 'Amarakoshada Teeku' (ಅಮರಕೋಶದ ತೀಕು) by Vittala (1300), 'Abhinavaabhidaana' (ಅಭಿನವಾಭಿದಾನ) by Abhinava Mangaraja (1398&nbsp;AD) and many more.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Učida |first1=Norihiko |url=http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/data/kandic/kannada-english_dictionary.pdf |title=Kannada-English etymological dictionary |last2=Rajapurohit |first2=B. B |publisher=Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, [[Tokyo University of Foreign Studies]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-4-86337-128-6 |location=[[Tokyo]] |oclc=906810377 |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021024502/http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/data/kandic/kannada-english_dictionary.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A Kannada–English dictionary consisting of more than 70,000 words was composed by [[Ferdinand Kittel]].<ref name="kittel">{{cite web |author=Manjulakshi & Bhat |title=Kannada Dialect Dictionaries and Dictionaries in Subregional Languages of Karnataka |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/kannadadictionary1.html |access-date=11 April 2007 |work=Language in India, Volume 5: 9 September 2005 |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, University of Mysore}}</ref>

[[G. Venkatasubbiah|G. Venkatasubbaiah]] edited the first modern Kannada–Kannada dictionary, a 9,000-page, 8-volume series published by the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]]. He also wrote a Kannada–English dictionary and a ''kliṣtapadakōśa'' (ಕ್ಲಿಷ್ಟಪಾದಕೋಶ), a dictionary of difficult words.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Muralidhara Khajane |date=22 August 2012 |title=Today's Paper / NATIONAL: 100 years on, words never fail him |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3805517.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Johnson Language |date=20 August 2012 |title=Language in India: Kannada, threatened at home |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/johnson/2012/08/language-india |access-date=12 February 2013 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>