Editing Juneteenth (section)

====Decline of celebrations during the Jim Crow era====
In the early 20th century, economic and political forces led to a decline in Juneteenth celebrations. From 1890 to 1908, Texas and all former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments that effectively [[Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era|disenfranchised Black people]], excluding them from the political process. White-dominated state legislatures passed [[Jim Crow laws]] imposing second-class status.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFTlBHBFYvEC&pg=PA15 |title=Way Up North in Louisville: African American Migration in the Urban South, 1930–1970 |last=Adams |first=Luther |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina |isbn=978-0807899434}}</ref> Gladys L. Knight writes the decline in celebration was in part because "upwardly mobile blacks ... were ashamed of their slave past and aspired to [[Cultural assimilation|assimilate]] into mainstream culture. Younger generations of blacks, becoming further removed from slavery were occupied with school ... and other pursuits." Others who migrated to the [[Northern United States]] could not take time off or simply dropped the celebration.{{sfn|Knight|2011|p=}}

The [[Great Depression]] forced many Black people off farms and into the cities to find work, where they had difficulty taking the day off to celebrate. From 1936 to 1951, the [[Texas State Fair]] served as a destination for celebrating the holiday, contributing to its revival. In 1936, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people joined the holiday's celebration in Dallas. In 1938, Governor of Texas [[James Burr V Allred|James Allred]] issued a proclamation stating in part:<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last=Wiggins |first=William H. Jr. |editor1-first=Francis Edward |editor1-last=Abernethy |editor2-first=Alan B. |editor2-last=Govenar |editor3-first=Patrick B. |editor3-last=Mullen |title=Juneteenth Texas |publisher=[[University of North Texas Press]] |location=Denton, Texas|pages=237–254 |chapter=Juneteenth: A Red Spot Day on the Texas Calendar |isbn=1574410180|date=1987}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Whereas, the Negroes in the State of Texas observe June&nbsp;19 as the official day for the celebration of Emancipation from slavery; and

Whereas, June&nbsp;19, 1865, was the date when General [Gordon] Granger, who had command of the Military District of Texas, issued a proclamation notifying the Negroes of Texas that they were free; and

Whereas, since that time, Texas Negroes have observed this day with suitable holiday ceremony, except during such years when the day comes on a Sunday; when the Governor of the State is asked to proclaim the following day as the holiday for State observance by Negroes; and

Whereas, June&nbsp;19, 1938, this year falls on Sunday;
NOW, THEREFORE, I, JAMES V. ALLRED, Governor of the State of Texas, do set aside and proclaim the day of June&nbsp;20, 1938, as the date for observance of
EMANCIPATION DAY
in Texas, and do urge all members of the Negro race in Texas to observe the day in a manner appropriate to its importance to them.|author=|title=|source=}}

Seventy thousand people attended a "Juneteenth Jamboree" in 1951.<ref name=":4" /> From 1940 through 1970, in the second wave of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], more than five million Black people left Texas, Louisiana and other parts of the South for the North and the West Coast. As historian [[Isabel Wilkerson]] writes, "The people from Texas took Juneteenth Day to Los Angeles, [[Oakland]], [[Seattle]], and other places they went."<ref>{{cite book |first=Isabel |last=Wilkerson |authorlink=Isabel Wilkerson |title=The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y03WKII5m7QC |location=New York City |publisher=[[Random House]] |date=2010 |isbn=9780679604075}}</ref> In 1945, Juneteenth was introduced in San Francisco by a migrant from Texas, Wesley Johnson.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|first=Emily|last=Blanck|title=Galveston on San Francisco Bay: Juneteenth in the Fillmore District, 1945–2016|journal=[[Western Historical Quarterly]]|publisher=[[Utah State University]]|location=Logan, Utah|volume=50|issue=2|date=March 2019|pages=85–112|doi=10.1093/whq/whz003}}</ref>

During the 1950s and 1960s, the [[Civil Rights Movement]] focused the attention of African Americans on expanding freedom and integrating. As a result, observations of the holiday declined again, though it was still celebrated in Texas.<ref name=":5" />{{sfn|Wilson|2006|p=239}}

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Emancipation Day Celebration band, June 19, 1900.png|Band performing in Texas for Emancipation Day, 1900
File:Emancipation Day celebration - 1900-06-19.jpg|Celebration of Emancipation Day in 1900, Texas
File:Emancipation Day in Richmond, Virginia, 1905.jpg|Emancipation Day celebration in [[Richmond, Virginia]], 1905
</gallery>