Editing Josephus (section)

== Historiography and Josephus ==
[[File:Nuremberg chronicles f 110r 3.png|thumb|Josephus in the ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'', 1493 ]]
In the Preface to ''Jewish Wars'', Josephus criticizes historians who misrepresent the events of the [[Jewish–Roman wars|Jewish–Roman War]], writing that "they have a mind to demonstrate the greatness of the Romans, while they still diminish and lessen the actions of the Jews."<ref>''JW'' preface. 3.</ref> Josephus states that his intention is to correct this method but that he "will not go to the other extreme&nbsp;... [and] will prosecute the actions of both parties with accuracy."<ref name="JW preface">''JW'' preface. 4.</ref> Josephus confesses he will be unable to contain his sadness in transcribing these events; to illustrate this will have little effect on his historiography, Josephus suggests, "But if any one be inflexible in his censures of me, let him attribute the facts themselves to the historical part, and the lamentations to the writer himself only."<ref name="JW preface" />

His preface to ''Antiquities'' offers his opinion early on, saying, "Upon the whole, a man that will peruse this history, may principally learn from it, that all events succeed well, even to an incredible degree, and the reward of felicity is proposed by God."{{sfn|Josephus|1737|loc=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Preface preface §3]}} After inserting this attitude, Josephus contradicts Berossus: "I shall accurately describe what is contained in our records, in the order of time that belongs to them&nbsp;... without adding any thing to what is therein contained, or taking away any thing therefrom."{{sfn|Josephus|1737|loc=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Preface preface §3]}} He notes the difference between history and philosophy by saying, "[T]hose that read my book may wonder how it comes to pass, that my discourse, which promises an account of laws and historical facts, contains so much of philosophy."{{sfn|Josephus|1737|loc=[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Preface preface §4]}}

In both works, Josephus emphasizes that accuracy is crucial to historiography. [[Louis Feldman|Louis H. Feldman]] notes that in ''Wars'', Josephus commits himself to critical historiography, but in ''Antiquities'', Josephus shifts to rhetorical historiography, which was the norm of his time.{{sfn|Feldman|1998|p=9}} Feldman notes further that it is significant that Josephus called his later work "Antiquities" (literally, archaeology) rather than history; in the Hellenistic period, archaeology meant either "history from the origins or archaic history."{{sfn|Feldman|1998|p=10}} Thus, his title implies a Jewish peoples' history from their origins until the time he wrote. This distinction is significant to Feldman, because "in ancient times, historians were expected to write in chronological order," while "antiquarians wrote in a systematic order, proceeding topically and logically" and included all relevant material for their subject.{{sfn|Feldman|1998|p=10}} Antiquarians moved beyond political history to include institutions and religious and private life.{{sfn|Feldman|1998|p=13}} Josephus does offer this wider perspective in ''Antiquities''.