Editing Johns Hopkins University (section)

===Civil rights===

====African-Americans====
Hopkins was a prominent [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] who supported [[Abraham Lincoln]] during the [[American Civil War]]. After his death, reports said his conviction was a decisive factor in enrolling Hopkins's first [[African-American]] student, [[Kelly Miller (scientist)|Kelly Miller]], a graduate student in physics, astronomy and mathematics.<ref name="mdhistoryonline">[https://archive.today/20120907140948/http://www.mdhistoryonline.net/mdmedicine/cfm/dsp_detail.cfm?id=1895 MDhistoryonline.net], Medicine in Maryland 1752–1920</ref> As time passed, the university adopted a "separate but equal" stance more like other Baltimore institutions.<ref name="racial_record"/>

The first black undergraduate entered the school in 1945 and graduate students followed in 1967.<ref name="timeline_JHSPH">{{cite web |title=Our First Century |url=https://magazine.jhsph.edu/2015/summer/features/a-century-of-firsts/ |website=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |access-date=June 5, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521074946/https://magazine.jhsph.edu/2015/summer/features/a-century-of-firsts/ |url-status=live}}</ref> James Nabwangu, a British-trained Kenyan, was the first black graduate of the medical school.<ref name="In a Sea of White Faces">{{cite web |url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hmn/w98/sea.html |title=In a Sea of White Faces |publisher=Hopkinsmedicine.org |access-date=September 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611033731/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hmn/w98/sea.html |archive-date=June 11, 2011}}</ref> African-American instructor and laboratory supervisor [[Vivien Thomas]] was instrumental in developing and conducting the first successful [[blue baby syndrome|blue baby operation]] in 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/legacy/l_colleagues_thomas.html|title = Footprints Through Time: Vivien Thomas|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = PBS|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150215234419/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/legacy/l_colleagues_thomas.html|archive-date = February 15, 2015}}</ref> Despite such cases, racial diversity did not become commonplace at Johns Hopkins institutions until the 1960s and 1970s.

====Women====
Hopkins's most well-known battle for women's rights was the one led by daughters of trustees of the university; [[Mary Garrett|Mary E. Garrett]], [[M. Carey Thomas]], Mamie Gwinn, Elizabeth King, and Julia Rogers.<ref name="women"/> They donated and raised the funds needed to open the medical school, and required Hopkins's officials to agree to their stipulation that women would be admitted. The [[nursing school]] opened in 1889 and accepted women and men as students.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://webapps.jhu.edu/jhuniverse/information_about_hopkins/about_jhu/chronology/|title = The Johns Hopkins University- Chronology|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = webapps.jhu.edu|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150228234400/http://webapps.jhu.edu/jhuniverse/information%5Fabout%5Fhopkins/about%5Fjhu/chronology/|archive-date = February 28, 2015}}</ref> Other graduate schools were later opened to women by president [[Ira Remsen]] in 1907. [[Christine Ladd-Franklin]] was the first woman to earn a PhD at Hopkins, in mathematics in 1882.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/christineladd.html|title = Christine Ladd-Franklin|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society|last = Ragsdale|first = Samantha|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150421023720/http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/christineladd.html|archive-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> The trustees denied her the degree for decades and refused to change the policy about admitting women. In 1893, Florence Bascomb became the university's first female PhD.<ref name=women/> The decision to admit women at undergraduate level was not considered until the late 1960s and was eventually adopted in October 1969. As of 2009–2010, the undergraduate population was 47% female and 53% male.<ref name="Johns Hopkins University"/> In 2020, the undergraduate population of Hopkins was 53% female.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johns Hopkins University|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/jhu-2077|website=USNews|access-date=January 29, 2021|archive-date=January 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233649/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/jhu-2077|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Johns Hopkins University - Student Population And Demographics|url=https://www.collegetuitioncompare.com/edu/162928/johns-hopkins-university/enrollment/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=College Tuition Compare|language=en|archive-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124102847/https://www.collegetuitioncompare.com/edu/162928/johns-hopkins-university/enrollment|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Freedom of speech====
On September 5, 2013, cryptographer and Johns Hopkins university professor [[Matthew D. Green|Matthew Green]] posted a blog entitled, "On the NSA", in which he contributed to the ongoing debate regarding the role of [[NIST]] and [[NSA]] in formulating U.S. [[cryptography]] standards. On September 9, 2013, Green received a take-down request for the "On the NSA" blog from interim Dean Andrew Douglas from the Johns Hopkins University [[Whiting School of Engineering]].<ref name="GuardianOnTakeDown"/> The request cited concerns that the blog had links to sensitive material. The blog linked to already published news articles from ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', and [[ProPublica.org]]. Douglas subsequently issued a personal on-line apology to Green.<ref name="DaraKerrOnApology"/> The event raised concern over the future of academic freedom of speech within the cryptologic research community.