Editing John Smith (explorer) (section)

==New England==
[[File:New England (1).jpg|thumb|right|Smith's 1616 Map of New England]]
In 1614, Smith returned to America in a voyage to the coasts of [[Maine]] and [[Massachusetts Bay]]. He named the region "[[New England]]".<ref>New England. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 June 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9055457]</ref> The commercial purpose was to take whales for fins and oil and to seek out mines of gold or copper, but both of these proved impractical so the voyage turned to collecting fish and furs to defray the expense.{{sfn|Smith|1907|pp=II:3–4}} Most of the crew spent their time fishing, while Smith and eight others took a small boat on a coasting expedition during which he traded rifles for 11,000 beaver skins and 100 each of martins and otters.{{sfn|Smith|1907|p=II:4}}

Smith collected a ship's cargo worth of "Furres… traine Oile and Cor-fish" and returned to England. The expedition's second vessel under the command of Thomas Hunt stayed behind and captured a number of Indians as slaves,{{sfn|Smith|1907|p=II:4}} including [[Squanto]] of the [[Patuxet]]. Smith was convinced that Hunt's actions were directed at him; by inflaming the local population, Smith said, he could "prevent that intent I had to make a plantation there", keeping the country in "obscuritie" so that Hunt and a few merchants could monopolize it.{{sfn|Smith|1907|p=II:4}} According to Smith, Hunt had taken his maps and notes of the area to defeat's Smith's settlement plans.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1616|p=47}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Arber|1910|p=I:219}}.</ref> He could not believe that Hunt was driven by greed since there was "little private gaine" to be gotten; Hunt "sold those silly Salvages for Rials of eight."{{sfn|Smith|1907|pp=II:4–5}}

Smith published a map in 1616 based on the expedition which was the first to bear the label "New England", though the Indian place names were replaced by the names of English cities at the request of [[Charles I of England|Prince Charles]].<ref name="globe_1614">{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2014/06/14/the-lie-that-charted-new-england-future/qLDvF4PTlo1EetZbtUh4rI/story.html|title=The lie that charted New England's future|work=The Boston Globe|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> The settlers of [[Plymouth Colony]] adopted the name that Smith gave to that area,<ref name="globe_1614" /> and other place names on the map survive today, such as the [[Charles River]] (marked as The River Charles) and [[Cape Ann]] (Cape Anna).

[[File:Descr.of.New England-Title page.jpg|thumb|right|Title page of ''[[A Description of New England]]'' (1616)]]
Smith made two attempts in 1614 and 1615 to return to the same coast. On the first trip, a storm dismasted his ship. In the second attempt, he was captured by French pirates off the coast of the [[Azore Islands|Azores]]. He escaped after weeks of captivity and made his way back to England, where he published an account of his two voyages as ''[[A Description of New England]]''. He remained in England for the rest of his life.

Smith compared his experiences in Virginia with his observations of New England and offered a theory of why some English colonial projects had failed. He noted that the French had been able to monopolize trade in a very short time, even in areas nominally under English control. The people inhabiting the coasts from Maine to Cape Cod had "large corne fields, and great troupes of well proportioned people", but the French had obtained everything that they had to offer in trade within six weeks.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1616|p=26}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Arber|1910|p=I:205}}.</ref> This was due to the fact that the French had created a great trading network which they could exploit, and the English had not cultivated these relations. Where once there was inter-tribal warfare, the French had created peace in the name of the fur trade. Former enemies such as the Massachuset and the Abenaki "are all friends, and have each trade with other, so farre as they have society on each others frontiers."<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1616|p=28}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Arber|1910|p=I:206}}.</ref>

Smith believed that it was too late to reverse this reality even with diplomacy, and that what was needed was military force. He suggested that English adventurers should rely on his own experience in wars around the world<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1631|p=1}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Arber|1910|p=II:925}}.</ref> and his experience in New England where his few men could engage in "silly encounters" without injury or long term hostility.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1620}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Arber|1910|p=I:264}}.</ref> He also compared the experience of the Spaniards in determining how many armed men were necessary to effect Indian compliance.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1631|pp=30–31}} reprinted in {{harvnb|Arber|1910|pp=II:955–956}}.</ref>