Editing Jinn (section)

=== Exegesis ===
[[File:Royal figure enthroned and surrounded by Jinn of the Earth.png|thumb|Kashan, Iran, late 12th–13th century mina’i-fritware bowl. The scene in this bowl can be understood as depicting the enthroned (Second) Sulaymān with messengers to either side, crowned human headed winged jinn.<ref>On the Exercise of Coastal Control through 
Observation and Long Distance Communication Systems in Seljuk Territory in the XIIIth 
Century</ref>]]
[[File:The Singer Ibrahim and the jinn (cropped).jpg|thumb|The Singer Ibrahim and the jinn. Ibrahim has been imprisoned by his master Muhammad al-Amin and visited by a jinn in guise of an old man. The jinn offers him food and drink and is so impressed by Ibrahim's voice that he convinces Muhammad to free him.<ref>Komaroff, Linda, and Stefano Carboni, eds. The legacy of Genghis Khan: courtly art and culture in Western Asia, 1256-1353. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.</ref>]]

The term jinn is [[Polysemy|polysemic]] and can refer to (genuine) jinn, [[Angels in Islam|angels]], and [[Shayatin|devil]]s.<ref>Demircigil, Bayram. "Kur’an’da el-Cin Kavramının Medlulü Hakkındaki İhtilaflar." Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 26.1 (2022): 433-449.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">DÜZGÜN, Şaban Ali. "DİNSEL ve MİTOLOJİK YÖNLERİYLE CİN ve ŞAYTAAN ALGIMIZ."</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=12}}<ref name="Abu-Hamdiyyah, Muhammad 2020"/>
In [[Quran]]ic interpretation, the term ''jinn'' is thus used for any object hidden from sight, such as angels, devils, and the (spiritual) interior of human beings (psyche),<ref name="Teuma, E. 1984"/><ref>Noegel, Scott B. & Wheeler, Brannon M. (2010) ''The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism''. Scarecrow Press {{ISBN|978-1-461-71895-6}} page 170</ref>{{efn|This is, for example, evident from A'sha's saying in mention of Sulayman ibn Dawud; ''and He subjected from the jinn among the angels (min jinni al-mala'iki)"''<ref name="Baydawi-2016">translator: Gibril Fouad Haddad, author: ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿUmar al-Baydawi, 2016, ''The Lights Of Revelation And The Secrets Of Interpretation'', {{isbn|978-0-992-63357-8}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=546}} Al-Jahiz defines ''jinn'' as various spirits defined by their behaviour; a malicious and wicked ''jinn'' is called a s̲h̲ayṭān, a ''jinn'' lifting a heavy weight and listening at the doors of Heaven is a ''mārid'', a ''jinn'' of great intelligence is called an ''ʿabḳarī'', a ''jinn'' entirely good and pure is an angel.<ref>Fahd, T. and Rippin, A., “S̲h̲ayṭān”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 17 August 2023 {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1054}}
First published online: 2012
First print edition: {{ISBN|9789004161214}}, 1960-2007</ref>}} as well as a to a specific being, separate from both angels and devils. The latter are believed to be the  offspring of ''[[Jann (mythology)|abu Jann]]'', created out of "fire and air" ({{langx|ar|مَارِجٍ مِن نَّار}}, ''mārijin min nār''), and considered to be, along with humans, ''thaqalān'' (accountable for their deeds).<ref name="Teuma, E. 1984">Teuma, E. (1984). More on Qur'anic jinn. ''Melita Theologica'', 35(1-2), 37-45.</ref><ref>Lange, Christian & Knysh, Alexander D. (eds.) (2022). Sufi cosmology. Boston: Brill.</ref>

Belief in jinn is not included among the [[The six articles of faith in Islam|six articles of Islamic faith]], as belief in angels is. Nonetheless, many Muslim scholars, including the [[Hanbali|Hanbalī]] scholar [[ibn Taymiyya]] and the [[Zahiri|Ẓāhirī]] scholar [[ibn Ḥazm|ibn Hazm]], believe they are essential to the Islamic faith since they are mentioned in the Quran.<ref name="Nünlist-2015"/>{{rp|style=ama|p=33}} It is generally accepted by the majority of Muslim scholars that jinn can possess individuals. This is considered to be part of the doctrines (''aqidah'') of the "[[Sunnism|people of the Sunnah]]" (''ahl as-sunnah wal-jammah'a'') in the tradition of [[Ash'ari]].<ref name="Böttcher–2021">Islam, Migration and Jinn: Spiritual Medicine in Muslim Health Management. (2021). Deutschland: Springer International Publishing.</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p= 68}} The [[Atharis|Atharī]] scholars ibn Taimiyya and ibn Qayyim agree on this matter.<ref name="Böttcher–2021"/> From among the Sunni schools of theology, only the [[Maturidism|Māturīdīs]] seem to doubt possession. [[Al-Rustughfanī]] deemed jinn-possession impossible.<ref>Harvey, Ramon. Transcendent God, Rational World: A Maturidi Theology. Edinburgh University Press, 2021.</ref>

[[Al-Maturidi|Al-Māturīdī]] focuses on the dynamics between jinn and humans based on {{qref|72|6|b=y}}. He states that seeking refuge among the jinn increases fear and anxiety, however, not because of the jinn, but due to the psychological dependence of the individual towards external powers. By that, he refers to seeking refuge among the jinn as a form of ''[[Shirk (Islam)|širk]]'', due to the reliance on a created thing instead of God.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{rp|style=ama|p=23}}

Although jinn frequently appear in hagiographic [[Sufi literature]] and their existence is never doubted, they do not play any major role in [[Sufi cosmology]]. Because of their similarities to humans, they function neither as a model to follow (like angels) nor tempters of the lower self (like Satan) and mostly feature in poetic anecdotes.<ref>Yazaki, Saeko. "Classes of Beings in Sufism." Sufi Cosmology. Brill, 2022. 68-88.</ref>