Editing Jean Moulin (section)

==Betrayal and death==
[[File:Maison du docteur Dugoujon à Caluire&Cuire.jpg|left|thumb|The house of Dr. Dugoujon, where Jean Moulin was arrested in 1943.]]
On 21 June 1943, Moulin was arrested by the [[Sicherheitsdienst]] (a branch of the Nazi Secret Service) while holding a meeting with fellow Resistance leaders in the home of Dr. Frédéric Dugoujon in [[Caluire-et-Cuire]], a suburb of [[Lyon]], as were Dugoujon, [[Henri Aubry]] (alias Avricourt and Thomas), [[Raymond Aubrac]], [[:fr:Bruno_Larat|Bruno Larat (alias Xavier-Laurent Parisot)]], [[André Lassagne]] (alias Lombard), Colonel Albert Lacaze and Colonel [[:fr:Émile Schwarzfeld|Émile Schwarzfeld]] (alias Blumstein). [[René Hardy]] (alias Didot), a member of the resistance movement ''Combat'' and a specialist in railroads, was also present for reasons that are not clear and in what appears to have been a breach of good security practice.<ref name=":0" /><sup>:157</sup>

Moulin and the other Resistance leaders  were sent to [[Montluc Prison]] in Lyon (but not René Hardy, who either escaped or was allowed to flee). They were detained there until the beginning of July. While there, he was tortured by [[Klaus Barbie]], head of the Gestapo in Lyon and, later, briefly in [[Paris]]. According to witnesses, Moulin and his men had their fingernails removed using hot needles as spatulas. In addition, his fingers were placed in the door frame of the interrogation cell, with the door then repeatedly closed until his knuckles were shattered. They increasingly tightened his handcuffs until they penetrated the skin, breaking the bones in his wrists. He was beaten until his face was unrecognizable and he fell into a coma.

After the torture sessions, Barbie ordered that Moulin be displayed as an object lesson to other imprisoned members of the Resistance. The last time he was seen alive he was still in a coma, his head swollen and yellow from bruising and wrapped in bandages, according to the description given by Christian Pineau, fellow prisoner and member of the Resistance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://auschwitz.dk/children/id6.htm|title=Barbie and Brunner|website=auschwitz.dk |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowledgenuts.com/2014/01/31/the-friendliest-interrogator-of-world-war-ii-was-a-nazi/|title=The Friendliest Interrogator Of World War II Was A German|date=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SymBDwAAQBAJ&q=hot+needles&pg=PA14|title=Perpetrating the Holocaust: Leaders, Enablers, and Collaborators|first1=Paul R.|last1=Bartrop|first2=Eve E.|last2=Grimm|date= 2019|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440858970|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq8yDwAAQBAJ&q=jean+moulin+needles&pg=PT60|title=Spies, Lies, and Citizenship: The Hunt for Nazi Criminals|first=Mary Kathryn|last=Barbier|date= 2017|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=9781612349718|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbFEaef6YKQC&q=hot+needles&pg=PA46|title=American Civilian Counter-terrorist Manual: a fictional autobiography of Ronald Reagan|first=Alan|last=Allen|year=2008|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=9781466981829|via=Google Books}}</ref> There is some uncertainty surrounding the exact circumstances of Moulin's death, including about the view that he died while being transported by train to Germany.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2014-12-19|title=Le mystère des cendres de Jean Moulin|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-actu/article/2014/12/19/le-mystere-des-cendres-de-jean-moulin_4544076_4497186.html|access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref>  According to his death certificate (established by the occupying force), he died near or in the train station of [[Metz]],<ref>[http://education.nordnet.fr/jeanmoulin-ronchin/acte.htm ''Death certificate for Jean Moulin''](in German) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815120801/http://education.nordnet.fr/jeanmoulin-ronchin/acte.htm |date=15 August 2011 }}</ref> but there are conflicting reports as to when and where he died.<ref name=":5" /><sup>:429,</sup><ref name=":2"/> 
[[File:Klaus Barbie.jpg|thumb|[[Klaus Barbie]], head of the [[Sicherheitsdienst]] (a branch of the Nazi Secret Service) in Lyon when Jean Moulin was arrested.]]