Editing Java (section)

===Hindu–Buddhist kingdoms era===
{{See also|History of Southeast Asia#Early historical era}}
[[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpg|thumb|The 9th century [[Borobudur]] Buddhist [[stupa]] in Central Java]]

The [[Tarumanagara|Taruma]] kingdom of western Java existed from the 5th to the 7th centuries,<ref name=Coedes/>{{rp|83}}<ref name=Casparis1975>The dating of the Taruma kingdom is based on the palaeography of its inscriptions, which scholars agree date to the second half of the 5th century or slightly later. {{cite book |last=de Casparis |first=J.G. |title=Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to c. A.D.1500 |year=1975 |publisher=E.J. Brill}}</ref>{{rp|19}} while the [[Heling kingdom]] sent embassies to China starting in 640.<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book |last=Coedès |first=George|author-link= George Coedès |editor=Walter F. Vella |others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing |title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia |year=1968 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|53,79}} However, the first major principality was the [[Mataram Kingdom]] that was founded in central Java at the beginning of the 8th century. Mataram's religion centered on the Hindu god [[Shiva]], and the kingdom produced some of Java's earliest Hindu temples on the [[Dieng Plateau]]. Around the 8th century, the [[Shailendra dynasty|Sailendra dynasty]] rose in [[Kedu Plain]] and become the patron of [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhism]]. This ancient kingdom built monuments such as the 9th century [[Borobudur]] and [[Prambanan]] in central Java.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

Around the 10th century, the center of power shifted from central to eastern Java. The eastern Javanese kingdoms of [[Kediri Kingdom|Kediri]], [[Singhasari]] and [[Majapahit]] were mainly dependent on rice agriculture, yet also pursued trade within the Indonesian archipelago, and with China and India. Majapahit was established by [[Raden Wijaya|Wijaya]],<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|201}} and by the end of the reign of [[Hayam Wuruk]] (r. 1350–89) it claimed sovereignty over the entire Indonesian archipelago, although control was likely limited to Java, Bali, and Madura. Hayam Wuruk's prime minister, [[Gajah Mada]], led many of the kingdom's territorial conquests.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|234}} Previous Javanese kingdoms had their power based on agriculture, however, Majapahit took control of ports and shipping lanes and became Java's first commercial empire. With the death of Hayam Wuruk and the [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|coming of Islam to Indonesia]], Majapahit went into decline.<ref name="Coedes" />{{rp|241}}