Editing James Lovelock (section)

==== Ocean fertilisation ====
In 2007, Lovelock and [[Chris Rapley]] proposed the construction of [[Pelagic pumping|ocean pumps to pump water up]] from below the thermocline to "fertilize [[algae]] in the surface waters and encourage them to bloom".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lovelock |first=James E. |last2=Rapley |first2=Chris G. |name-list-style=vanc |date=27 September 2007 |title=Ocean pipes could help the Earth to cure itself |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7161 |pages=403 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..403L |doi=10.1038/449403a |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=17898747 |s2cid=4340626 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The basic idea was to accelerate the transfer of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean by increasing [[primary production]] and enhancing the [[export production|export]] of organic carbon (as [[marine snow]]) to the deep ocean. A scheme similar to that proposed by Lovelock and Rapley was later developed independently by a commercial company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biological Ocean Sequestration of {{CO2}} Using Atmocean Upwelling |url=http://www.atmocean.com/sequestration.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013153833/http://atmocean.com/sequestration.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=3 October 2007 |publisher=[[Atmocean, Inc.]]}}</ref>

The proposal attracted widespread media attention<ref name="Smith-2007">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Lewis |name-list-style=vanc |date=26 September 2007 |title=Scientists propose 'plumbing' method to solve crisis of global warming |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article2538897.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512022710/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article2538897.ece |archive-date=12 May 2008 |access-date=3 October 2007 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Highfield |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Highfield |name-list-style=vanc |date=26 September 2007 |title=James Lovelock's plan to pump ocean water to stop climate change |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fearth%2F2007%2F09%2F26%2Fsciwater126.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011082244/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fearth%2F2007%2F09%2F26%2Fsciwater126.xml |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=4 October 2007 |work=[[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Michael |author-link=Michael McCarthy (journalist) |name-list-style=vanc |date=27 September 2007 |title=Pipes hung in the sea could help planet to 'heal itself' |url=http://environment.independent.co.uk/climate_change/article3001626.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011013930/http://environment.independent.co.uk/climate_change/article3001626.ece |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=4 October 2007 |work=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |name-list-style=vanc |date=27 September 2007 |title=How sea tubes could slow climate change |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/sep/27/climatechange |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005173131/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/sep/27/climatechange |archive-date=5 October 2014 |access-date=4 October 2007 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> and criticism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williamson |first=Phillip |name-list-style=vanc |date=1 October 2007 |title=Cold water on global warming plans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/oct/01/climatechange.mainsection |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825222938/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/oct/01/climatechange.mainsection |archive-date=25 August 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hari |first=Johann |name-list-style=vanc |date=6 October 2007 |title=The last green taboo: engineering the planet |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/The-last-green-taboo-engineering-the-planet-1251713.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825222641/https://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/The-last-green-taboo-engineering-the-planet-1251713.php |archive-date=25 August 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]}}</ref><ref name="Shepherd-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Shepherd |first=J. |last2=Iglesias-Rodriguez |first2=D. |last3=Yool |first3=A. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=Geo-engineering might cause, not cure, problems |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7164 |pages=781 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..781S |doi=10.1038/449781a |pmid=17943101 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Commenting on the proposal, [[Corinne Le Quéré]], a [[University of East Anglia]] researcher, said "It doesn't make sense. There is absolutely no evidence that [[climate engineering]] options work or even go in the right direction. I'm astonished that they published this. Before any geoengineering is put to work a massive amount of research is needed – research which will take 20 to 30 years".<ref name="Smith-2007" /> Other researchers claimed that "this scheme would bring water with high natural [[PCO2|{{italics correction|''p''}}{{CO2}}]] levels (associated with the nutrients) back to the surface, potentially causing exhalation of {{CO2}}".<ref name="Shepherd-2007" /> Lovelock subsequently said that his proposal was intended to stimulate interest and that research would be the next step,{{sfn|Lovelock|2009|p=98}} and several research studies were published in the wake of the original proposal.<ref name="Yool-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Yool |first=A. |last2=Shepherd |first2=J.G. |last3=Bryden |first3=H.L. |last4=Oschlies |first4=A. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2009 |title=Low efficiency of nutrient translocation for enhancing oceanic uptake of carbon dioxide |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=114 |issue=C8 |pages=C08009 |bibcode=2009JGRC..114.8009Y |doi=10.1029/2008JC004792 |quote=...{{nbsp}}enhancing the ocean's uptake of CO2 by 1 Gt C / y would require approximately 0.8 billion pumps (of 1&nbsp;m diameter) to be deployed. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Oschlies-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Oschlies |first=A. |last2=Pahlow |first2=M. |last3=Yool |first3=A. |last4=Matear |first4=R.J. |name-list-style=vanc |year=2010 |title=Climate engineering by artificial ocean upwelling: Channelling the sorcerer's apprentice |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GL041961 |url-status=live |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=L04701 |bibcode=2010GeoRL..37.4701O |doi=10.1029/2009GL041961 |s2cid=28795204 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104143428/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GL041961 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-04 |quote=However, the model predicts that about 80% of the carbon sequestered is stored on land, as a result of reduced respiration at lower air temperatures brought about by upwelling of cold waters.}}</ref> However, these estimated that the scheme would require a huge number of pipes,<ref name="Yool-2009" /> and that the main effect of the pipes may be on the land rather than in the ocean.<ref name="Oschlies-2010" />