Editing Jacobitism (section)

==Community==
[[File:Floramacdonald2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[Flora MacDonald]] by [[Allan Ramsay (artist)|Allan Ramsay]] c. 1749–1750; note white roses, a Jacobite symbol]]
While Jacobite agents continued in their attempts to recruit the disaffected, the most committed Jacobites were often linked by relatively small family networks, particularly in Scotland; Jacobite activities in areas like [[Perthshire]] and [[Aberdeenshire]] centred on a limited number of influential families heavily involved in 1715 and 1745.{{sfn|Szechi|Sankey|2001|pp=95–96}}

Some of the most powerful landowning families preserved their establishment loyalties, but maintained traditions of Stuart allegiance by permitting younger sons to become involved in active Jacobitism; in 1745, [[Lewis Gordon (Jacobite)|Lewis Gordon]] was widely believed to be a proxy for his brother, the [[Cosmo George Gordon, 3rd Duke of Gordon|Duke of Gordon]].{{sfn|Lenman|1980|p=255}} Many Jacobite leaders were closely linked to each other and the exile community by marriage or blood. This has led some historians, notably [[Bruce Lenman]], to characterise the Jacobite risings as French-backed [[coup]] attempts by a small network drawn from the elite, though this view is not universally accepted.{{sfn|Lenman|1980|p=256}}

Family traditions of Jacobite sympathy were reinforced through objects such as inscribed glassware or rings with hidden symbols, although many of those that survive are in fact 19th-century neo-Jacobite creations. Other family heirlooms contained reference to executed Jacobite martyrs, for which the movement preserved an unusual level of veneration.{{sfn|Szechi|1994|pp=36–37}} [[Tartan]] cloth, widely adopted by the [[Jacobite Army (1745)|Jacobite army]] in 1745, was used in portraiture as a symbol of Stuart sympathies, even before the Rising. Outside elite social circles, the Jacobite community circulated propaganda and symbolic objects through a network of clubs, print-sellers and pedlars, aimed at the provincial gentry and middling sort. In 1745, Prince Charles ordered commemorative medals and miniature pictures for clandestine distribution.{{sfn|Monod|1993|pp=81–82}}

[[File:Sir Watkin Williams, 3rd Bt of Llanforda.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Welsh Tory [[Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet|Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn]]; his blue coat was a colour often worn by Jacobite sympathisers]]

Among the more visible elements of the Jacobite community were drinking clubs established in the early 18th century, such as the Scottish Bucks Club or the "Cycle of the White Rose", led by Welsh Tory [[Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet|Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn]].{{sfn|Lord|2004|p=40}} Others included the "Sea Serjeants", largely composed of South Wales gentry or the "Independent Electors of Westminster" led by the [[Glamorganshire]] lawyer [[David Morgan (Jacobite)|David Morgan]], executed for his role in 1745.{{sfn|Riding|2016|p=378}} Other than Morgan, the vast majority of their members took no part in the 1745 Rising; Charles later said "I will do for the Welsh Jacobites what they did for me. I will drink their health".{{sfn|Pittock|1997|p=107}}

[[Oak Apple Day]] on 29 May commemorated Charles II and was an occasion for displays of Stuart sympathy, as was "White Rose Day", [[James Francis Edward Stuart|the Old Pretender's]] birthday on 10 June.{{sfn|Monod|1993|p=210}} Symbols were commonly employed by Jacobites, given that they could not be prosecuted for their use; the most common of these was the [[White rose of York]], adopted after 1688 for reasons now unclear. Various origins have been suggested, including its use as an ancient Scottish royal device, its association with James II as [[Duke of York]], or Charles I being styled as the "White King".{{sfn|Pittock|1998|pp=72–73}} Jacobite military units often used plain white standards or [[cockade]]s, while green ribbons were another recognised Stuart symbol despite their association with the Whig [[Green Ribbon Club]].{{sfn|Rogers|1982|p=25}}