Editing Italy (section)

=== Unification ===
{{Main|Unification of Italy}}
The [[birth of the Kingdom of Italy]] was the result of efforts of Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the [[House of Savoy]] to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire [[Italian Peninsula]]. By the mid-19th century, rising [[Italian nationalism]] led to revolution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Risorgimento in 'Dizionario di Storia'|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/risorgimento_(Dizionario-di-Storia)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922035556/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/risorgimento_(Dizionario-di-Storia)|archive-date=22 September 2022|access-date=22 September 2022|website=treccani.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> Following the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, the political and social Italian unification movement, or [[Risorgimento]], emerged to unite Italy by consolidating the states and liberating them from foreign control. A radical figure was the patriotic journalist [[Giuseppe Mazzini]], founder of the political movement [[Young Italy]] in the 1830s, who favoured a unitary republic and advocated a broad nationalist movement. 1847 saw the first public performance of "[[Il Canto degli Italiani]]", which became the national anthem in 1946.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Maiorino|first1=Tarquinio|last2=Marchetti Tricamo|first2=Giuseppe|last3=Zagami|first3=Andrea|title=Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera|year=2002|publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|language=it|isbn=978-8-8045-0946-2|page=18}}; {{Cite web|title=Fratelli d'Italia|url=https://www.quirinale.it/page/inno|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426052752/https://www.quirinale.it/page/inno|archive-date=26 April 2023|access-date=1 October 2021|language=it}}</ref>
{{Multiple image
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| image1            = Giuseppe Mazzini.jpg
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| image2            = Giuseppe Garibaldi 1861.jpg
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| footer            = [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] (left), highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement; and [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] (right), celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times<ref name="scholar and patriot">{{cite web |url={{Google books|iWK7AAAAIAAJ |page=PA133 |keywords=Garibaldi+one+of+the+greatest+generals+of+modern+time |text= |plainurl=yes}}|title=Scholar and Patriot|publisher=Manchester University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary)|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226091529/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi|archive-date=26 February 2014|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> who fought in many military campaigns that led to [[Italian unification]]
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The most famous member of Young Italy was the revolutionary and general [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]<ref>Denis Mack Smith, ''Modern Italy: A Political History'', (University of Michigan Press, 1997) p. 15. A literary echo may be found in the character of Giorgio Viola in Joseph Conrad's ''[[Nostromo]]''.</ref> who led the republican drive for unification in southern Italy. However, the Italian monarchy of the House of Savoy, in the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]], whose government was led by [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]], also had ambitions of establishing a united Italian state. In the context of the [[Revolutions of 1848|1848 liberal revolutions]] that swept Europe, an unsuccessful [[First Italian War of Independence]] was declared against [[Austria-Hungary|Austria]]. In 1855, Sardinia became an ally of Britain and France in the [[Crimean War]].<ref>Enrico Dal Lago, "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective". ''The Journal of the Civil War Era'' 3#1 (2013): 85–113.; William L. Langer, ed., ''An Encyclopedia of World Cup History''. 4th ed. 1968. pp 704–7.</ref> Sardinia fought the Austrian Empire in the [[Second Italian War of Independence]] of 1859, with the aid of France, resulting in liberating [[Lombardy]]. On the basis of the [[Plombières Agreement]], the Sardinia ceded [[Savoy]] and [[Nice]] to France, an event that caused the [[Niçard exodus]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 August 2017|title="Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi|url=https://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219165302/http://www.montecarlonews.it/2017/08/28/notizie/argomenti/altre-notizie-1/articolo/un-nizzardo-su-quattro-prese-la-via-dellesilio-in-seguito-allunita-ditalia-dice-lo-scrittore.html|archive-date=19 February 2020|access-date=14 May 2021|language=it}}</ref>

In 1860–1861, Garibaldi led the drive for unification in Naples and Sicily.<ref>Mack Smith, Denis (1997). ''Modern Italy; A Political History''. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-4721-0895-6}}.</ref> [[Teano]] was the site of a famous meeting between Garibaldi and [[Victor Emmanuel II]], the last king of Sardinia, during which Garibaldi shook Victor Emanuel's hand and hailed him as [[King of Italy]]. Cavour agreed to include Garibaldi's southern Italy in a union with the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860. This allowed the Sardinian government to [[Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy|declare a united Italian kingdom]] on 17 March 1861,<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 March 2017|title=Everything you need to know about March 17th, Italy's Unity Day|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20170317/everything-to-know-about-march-17th-italys-unity-unification-risorgimento-day|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617212538/https://www.thelocal.it/20170317/everything-to-know-about-march-17th-italys-unity-unification-risorgimento-day|archive-date=17 June 2017|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> with Victor Emmanuel II as its first king. In 1865, the kingdom's capital was moved from Turin to Florence. In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II, allied with [[Prussia]] during the [[Austro-Prussian War]], waged the [[Third Italian War of Independence]], which resulted in Italy annexing [[Veneto|Venetia]]. Finally, in 1870, as France abandoned Rome during the [[Franco-Prussian War]], the Italians [[Capture of Rome|captured the Papal States]], unification was completed, and the capital moved to Rome.<ref name="scholar and patriot"/>