Editing Italian East Africa (section)

==Italian occupation==
===Administration===
{{main|List of governors-general of Italian East Africa|List of governors of the governorates of Italian East Africa}}
[[File:Amadeo Aosta3rd 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta]], longest serving Governor General of Italian East Africa]]
Italian East Africa was administered by a single administrative unit, the Governo Generale dell'AOI. (GGAOI), with the city of [[Addis Abeba Governorate| Addis Abeba]] as its capital.{{sfn|Mockler|2019}}{{sfn|Sbacchi|1997|p=xii}} The colonial government was overseen by [[Ministry of the Colonies (Italy)|Ministry of Italian Africa]] ({{langx|it|Ministro per l'Africa italiana}}) and was administered by a [[List of Governors-General of Italian East Africa|Viceroy of Ethiopia and Governor General of Italian East Africa]], appointed by the Italian king. [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] consequently adopted the title of "Emperor of Ethiopia". The dominion was further divided for administrative purposes into [[Governorates of Italian East Africa|six governorates]], further divided into forty ''commissariati.''

Fascist colonial policy in Italian East Africa had a [[Divide and rule|divide and conquer]] characteristic. To weaken the Orthodox Christian [[Amhara people]] who had run Ethiopia in the past, territory claimed by Eritrean [[Tigrinya people|Tigray-Tigrinyas]] and [[Somalis]] was given to the [[Eritrea Governorate]] and [[Somalia Governorate]].<ref name="cann"/>{{rp|5}} Reconstruction efforts after the war in 1936 were partially focused on benefiting the Muslim peoples in the colony at the expense of the [[Amhara people|Amhara]] to strengthen support by [[Muslims]] for the Italian colony.<ref name="cann"/>{{rp|5}} 

In 1938 Mussolini enacted [[Italian racial laws|The Italian Racial Laws]] ({{langx|it|Leggi Razziali}}), which institutionalized [[racial discrimination]] against [[Italian Jews]] and African inhabitants of the Italian Empire. These laws, and later a policy of pacification by apartheid, enforced segregation and reinforced [[Racial hierarchy|racial hierarchies]] in Italy's colonies, further aligning Italian fascism with [[Nazism|Nazi ideology]]. Italians and Natives were racially segregated and lived in separate parts of towns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Forgacs |first=David |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Italy_s_Margins/4VEHAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Italy's Margins: Social Exclusion and Nation Formation since 1861 |date=2014-03-27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05217-8 |language=en}}</ref> Interracial marriage was prohibited and so was having children between those of different races. However concubinages did exist. Those who were mixed-race could not get Italian citizenship or go to schools meant for Italians. Married Italian colonists had to bring their families and those who were unmarried could not employ servants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aldrich |first=Robert |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Colonial_World/NWCeEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=The Colonial World: A History of European Empires, 1780s to the Present |last2=Stucki |first2=Andreas |date=2022-12-29 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-09242-6 |language=en}}</ref>

===Territory===
[[File:Italian East Africa (1938–1941).svg|thumb|220px|Administrative [[Governorates of Italian East Africa|subdivisions]] of Italian East Africa]]

When established in 1936, Italian East Africa consisted of the old Italian possessions in the [[Horn of Africa]]: [[Italian Eritrea]] and [[Italian Somaliland]], combined with the recently conquered [[Empire of Ethiopia]].<ref name="italian colonialism">{{cite book |last1=Fuller |first1=Mia |editor1-last=Ben-Ghiat |editor1-first=Ruth |title=Italian Colonialism. |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=9781403981585 |language=en |oclc=961059564}}</ref> The territory was divided into the [[governorates of Italian East Africa|six governorates]]: [[Eritrea Governorate|Eritrea]] and [[Somalia Governorate|Somalia]], consisting of the respective former colonies, enlarged with territory from Ethiopia. The remainder of "[[Italian Ethiopia]]" consisted of the [[Harar Governorate|Harar]], [[Galla-Sidamo Governorate|Galla-Sidamo]], [[Amhara Governorate|Amhara]], and [[Addis Abeba Governorate]]s. The Addis Abeba Governorate was enlarged into the [[Scioa Governorate]] with territory from neighboring Harar, Galla-Sidamo and Amhara in November 1938.

Italian East Africa was briefly enlarged in 1940, as Italian forces [[Italian invasion of British Somaliland|invaded]] [[British Somaliland]], thereby bringing all Somali territories, aside from the small colony of [[French Somaliland]], under Italian administration. At its largest extent, The colony occupied territories in [[British Somaliland]], [[Kenya Colony |British Kenya]], and [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]]. However, it was dismembered only a year later, when in the course of the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge history of Africa. Vol. 8, From c. 1940 to c. 1975 |last=Clapham |first=Christopher |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Crowder, Michael, 1934-1988. |year=1984 |isbn=9781139054621 |editor-last=Crowder |editor-first=Michael |location=Cambridge |pages=460 |chapter=The Horn of Africa |oclc=317592773}}</ref>

===Economic development===
[[File:Italian communications in Ethiopia, April 1941.jpg|thumb|250px|Map showing in red the new roads (like the "Imperial road", and those in construction in 1941) created by the Italians in Ethiopia and AOI<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4rEBLu-P3-_2Jrg1GTPmrwoZoQcW-gA5g8cxqhf5B3fxuKA7GmUpIl1esaOL3NmUWYP2huGNHT-1jabIo64vzn7iBBYkPG19c0cC0q_y_KSNDwXnVH8L3stlJAhiN0daRa6Aia1-ApMG_WQSG4nIOi6M3qdLGJJ7UK_IRGuA48XXZZVktAKlEeqlAug/s1023/piano%20stradale%20AOI.jpg |title=More detailed map |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824142059/https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4rEBLu-P3-_2Jrg1GTPmrwoZoQcW-gA5g8cxqhf5B3fxuKA7GmUpIl1esaOL3NmUWYP2huGNHT-1jabIo64vzn7iBBYkPG19c0cC0q_y_KSNDwXnVH8L3stlJAhiN0daRa6Aia1-ApMG_WQSG4nIOi6M3qdLGJJ7UK_IRGuA48XXZZVktAKlEeqlAug/s1023/piano%20stradale%20AOI.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

[[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italy's Fascist regime]] encouraged Italian peasants to colonize Ethiopia by setting up farms and small manufacturing businesses.<ref name="cann"/>{{rp|5}} However, few Italians came to the Ethiopian colony, with most going to Eritrea and Somalia. While Italian Eritrea enjoyed some degree of development, supported by nearly 80,000 [[Italian Eritreans|Italian colonists]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dankalia.com/history/04503.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429102012/http://www.dankalia.com/history/04503.htm |url-status=dead |title=Italian industries and companies in Eritrea |archive-date=29 April 2009}}</ref> by 1940 only 3,200 farmers had arrived in Ethiopia, less than ten percent of the Fascist regime's goal.<ref name="cann">{{cite book |last1=Cannistraro |first1=Philip V |title=Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy |date=1982 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=9780313213175 |language=en |oclc=185703605 |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00tion}}</ref>{{rp|6}} Continued [[insurgency]] by native Ethiopians, lack of natural resources, rough terrain, and uncertainty of political and military conditions discouraged development and settlement in the countryside.<ref name="cann"/>{{rp|6}}

Italians constructed a road between Addis Ababa and [[Massaua]], Addis Ababa and [[Mogadishu]], and Addis Ababa to [[Assab]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://media.tecnici.it/file/novecento/autocamionale_assab_addis-abeba.pdf |title=1940 Article on the special road Addis Abeba-Assab and map (in Italian) |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402195204/http://media.tecnici.it/file/novecento/autocamionale_assab_addis-abeba.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 900&nbsp;km of railways were reconstructed or initiated (like the railway between Addis Ababa and [[Assab]]), dams and [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric plants]] were built. Public companies were established in Ethiopian governorates, such as the Ethiopian Electricity Company ({{langx|it|Imprese elettriche d'Etiopia}}). Italians built additional airports and in 1936 started the [[Imperial Line|''Linea dell'Impero'']], a flight connecting Addis Ababa to [[Rome]]. The line was opened after the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italian conquest of Ethiopia]] and was followed by the first air links with the AOI governorates. The route was enlarged to 6,379&nbsp;km and initially joined [[Rome]] with [[Addis Ababa]] via [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]], [[Benghazi]], [[Cairo]], [[Wadi Halfa]], [[Khartoum]], [[Kassala]], [[Asmara]], [[Dire Dawa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.treccani.it//enciclopedia/africa_res-2a855323-8b74-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Enciclopedia-Italiana) |title=AFRICA in "Enciclopedia Italiana" |website=www.treccani.it |access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606102458/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa_res-2a855323-8b74-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway|Djibouti–Addis Ababa Railway]], the most significant railway in Italian East Africa, was acquired following the Italian conquest of Ethiopia in 1936. Until 1935, steam trains operated the 784 km route, taking about 36 hours to travel between Addis Ababa and Djibouti. In 1938, Italy introduced four high-capacity "Type 038" rail-cars, derived from the Fiat ALn56 model, increasing speeds to 70 km/h and reducing travel time to 18 hours. These diesel railcars remained in use until the mid-1960s. Major stations offered bus connections to other cities in Italian East Africa, and a fire brigade unit was established near Addis Ababa station—the only one of its kind in Africa at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.train-franco-ethiopien.com/photos_cfe/autorails_fiat_cfe/pages/image/imagepage15.html |title=LE CHEMIN DE FER FRANCO ETHIOPIEN ET DJIBOUTO ETHIOPIEN |website=www.train-franco-ethiopien.com |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224195122/http://www.train-franco-ethiopien.com/photos_cfe/autorails_fiat_cfe/pages/image/imagepage15.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.train-franco-ethiopien.com/photos_cfe/autorails_fiat_cfe/pages/image/imagepage30.html |title=LE CHEMIN DE FER FRANCO ETHIOPIEN ET DJIBOUTO ETHIOPIEN |website=www.train-franco-ethiopien.com |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802002823/http://www.train-franco-ethiopien.com/photos_cfe/autorails_fiat_cfe/pages/image/imagepage30.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.train-franco-ethiopien.com/photos_cfe/gare_diredawa_cfe/pages/image/imagepage15.html |title=LE CHEMIN DE FER FRANCO ETHIOPIEN ET DJIBOUTO ETHIOPIEN |website=www.train-franco-ethiopien.com |access-date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724022558/http://www.train-franco-ethiopien.com/photos_cfe/gare_diredawa_cfe/pages/image/imagepage15.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.storiavvf.it/Articolo%20Addis%20Abeba.htm |title="Pompieri ad Addis Abeba" (in Italian) |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104191728/http://www.storiavvf.it/Articolo%20Addis%20Abeba.htm |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Italians invested substantively in Ethiopian infrastructure development. However Ethiopia and Italian East Africa proved to be extremely expensive to maintain, as the budget for the [[fiscal year]] 1936-37 had been set at 19.136 billion [[lira]] to create the necessary infrastructure for the colony.<ref name="cann"/>{{rp|5}} At the time, Italy's entire yearly revenue was only 18.581 billion lira.<ref name="cann"/>{{rp|5}}

<gallery mode="packed"  heights="140" class="center">
File:AsmaraStazione.jpg|[[Asmara]] station on the [[Eritrean Railway]] in 1938, with passengers boarding a ''Littorina''
File:Ethiopian electric power corporation Addis Abeba.jpg|The Italian-era Ethiopian electric power corporation building, [[Addis Ababa]]
File:CH-NB - Italienisch-Ostafrika, Massana (Massawa, Massaua)- Hafen - Annemarie Schwarzenbach - SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg|Italian commercial buildings in [[Massawa|Massawa, Eritrea]]
</gallery>

===Education===
Prior to Fascism, education in [[Italian Somaliland]] and [[Italian Eritrea]] had primarily been the responsibility of both Roman Catholic and Protestant [[Missionary|missionaries]].{{sfn|Ben-Ghiat|Fuller|2016|p=29}} With Mussolini's rise to power, government schools were created which eventually incorporated the Catholic missionaries' educational programmes while those of the Protestant missionaries became marginalised and circumscribed. [[Andrea Testa|Andrea Festa]], who was made director of the central office governing primary education in [[Eritrea]] in November 1932, declared in 1934 that Fascist efforts in education needed to ensure that [[Indigenous peoples of Africa|native Africans]] were "acquainted with a little of our civilisation" and that they needed to "know Italy, its glories, and ancient history, in order to, become a conscious militia man in the shade of our flag." Such education initiatives were designed to train Africans in a variety of practical tasks useful to the Fascist regime as well as to indoctrinate them with the tenets and lifestyle of Fascist ideology with the aim of creating citizens obedient and subservient to the state.{{sfn|Ben-Ghiat|Fuller|2016|p=84}} 

The propagandistic nature of the education was especially apparent in history textbooks issued to African children, which entirely omitted any discussion of events such as Italian disunity, [[Giuseppe Mazzini|Giuseppe Mazzini's]] "Young Italy" movement, the [[revolutions of 1848]], or [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Giuseppe Garibaldi's]] [[Expedition of the Thousand]] and instead stressed the "glories" of the [[Roman Empire]] and those of the Italian state that claimed to be its successor. Glorification and lionisation of Mussolini and his "great work" likewise pervaded them, while periods during which [[Libya]] and other then-Italian possessions had been controlled by older, non-Italian empires, such as the [[Ottoman Empire]], were portrayed through an unflattering lens.{{sfn|Ben-Ghiat|Fuller|2016|p=29}} Use of the Fascist salute was mandatory in schools for African children, who were constantly encouraged to become "little soldiers of the [[Duce]]", and every day there was morning ceremony at which the Italian flag was hoisted and patriotic songs were sung. Italian children, whose education the Fascist government prioritised over that of Africans, received education similar to that in Fascist Italy's [[metropole]], though with some aspects of it tailored to the local situation in East Africa. Fascist education in the colony proved to be a failure in the end, with only one twentieth of Italian colonial soldiers possessing any literacy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pankhurst |first1=Richard |year=1972 |title=Education in Ethiopia during the Italian Fascist Occupation (1936-1941) |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=361–396 |doi=10.2307/217091 |jstor=217091}}</ref>

In Italian East Africa, Fascist Italy sought to neutralize any educational institutions which provided instruction to Africans beyond the level expected by Fascist ideology.{{sfn|Ben-Ghiat|Fuller|2016|p=84}} In particular the secondary education network in the [[Ethiopian Empire]] had prepared and enabled a relatively small but significant amount of Ethiopians to study abroad at universities in Europe. As a result of this policy and state-sponsored mass murder, post-World War II Ethiopia found itself impoverished of skilled workers due to the very limited and propagandistic education provided to its non-Italian inhabitants under Mussolini's rule.{{sfn|Campbell|2017|p=239}} During [[East African campaign (World War II)|World War II]], few African natives displayed any loyalty to the Fascist state that the state's schools had so fervently tried to instill.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pankhurst |first1=Richard |year=1972 |title=Education in Ethiopia during the Italian Fascist Occupation (1936-1941) |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=361–396 |doi=10.2307/217091 |jstor=217091}}</ref>

===Banknotes and postage stamps===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|- style="text-align:center; border-bottom:2px solid gray;" bgcolor="lightsteelblue"
! Frontal Image
! Back Image
! Amount
! Color
! Frontal Description
! Back Description
|-
| align="left" |[[File:ItalianEastAfricaP1b-50Lire-1939 f-donated.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |[[File:ItalianEastAfricaP1b-50Lire-1939 b-donated.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |'''50 Lire'''
| align="left" |Green
| align="left" |<small>LIRE CINQVANTA – BANCA D'ITALIA</small>
| align="left" |<small>50 LIRE – Lupa romana</small>
|-
| align="left" |[[File:ItalianEastAfricaP2b-100Lire-1938-donatedms f.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |[[File:ItalianEastAfricaP2b-100Lire-1938-donatedms b.jpg|100px]]
| align="left" |'''100 Lire'''
| align="left" |Green/gray
| align="left" |<small>LIRE CENTO – BANCA D'ITALIA – Dea Roma</small>
| align="left" |<small>LIRE CENTO – BANCA D'ITALIA – Aquila</small>
|-
|}
On 5 May 1936 the capital Addis Ababa was captured by the Italians: on 22 May three new stamps showing the King of Italy were issued. Four further values inscribed "ETIOPIA" were issued on 5 December 1936. After that date, the stamps were issued with the name "Africa Orientale Italiana" on it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.italianstamps.co.uk/colonies/ethiopia/index.html|title=Italian Stamps - Ethiopia|website=www.italianstamps.co.uk}}</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=September 2017}}

===Demographics===
In 1939, there were 165,267 Italian citizens in Italian East Africa, mostly concentrated in [[Asmara]], Addis Ababa, and [[Mogadishu]]. The total population was estimated at 12.1 million, with an uneven distribution across the region. Eritrea had around 1.5 million people in 90,000 square miles (16.7 people per square mile), Ethiopia had 9.5 million people in 305,000 square miles (31 people per square mile), and Italian Somaliland had 1.1 million people in 271,000 square miles (4 people per square mile). Most Italians in Ethiopia were troops because Ethiopian resistance in the countryside made permanent settlement difficult. Frequent attacks disrupted efforts to establish enough farms and secure food supplies, preventing the troops from transitioning into farming colonists.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Royal Institute of International Affairs |title=Italian Possessions in Africa: II. Italian East Africa |journal=Bulletin of International News |date=24 August 1940 |volume=17 |issue=17 |pages=1065–1074}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! English!! Capital !! Total population<ref name="Istat 2010"/>!! Italians<ref name="Istat 2010"/> !! Tag!! Coat of Arms
|-
| [[Amhara Governorate]] || [[Gondar]] || 2,000,000 || 11,103 || AM || [[File:Arms of the Amhara governorate.svg|center|40px]]
|-
| [[Eritrea Governorate]] || [[Asmara]] || 1,500,000 || 72,408 || ER || [[File:Arms of the Eritrea governorate.svg|center|40px]]
|-
| [[Galla-Sidamo Governorate]] || [[Jimma]] || 4,000,000 || 11,823|| GS || [[File:Arms of the Galla-Sidamo governorate.svg|center|40px]]
|-
| [[Harar Governorate]] || [[Harar]] || 1,600,000 || 10,035 || HA || [[File:Arms of the Harar governorate.svg|center|40px]]
|-
| [[Scioa Governorate]] || [[Addis Ababa]] || 1,850,000 || 40,698 || SC || [[File:Arms of the Scioa governorate.svg|center|40px]]
|-
| [[Somalia Governorate]] || [[Mogadishu]] || 1,150,000 || 19,200 || SOM || [[File:Arms of the Italian Somaliland governorate.svg|center|40px]]
|}