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== Taxonomy == Compared to other genera, ''Isoetes'' is poorly known. The first critical monograph on their taxonomy, written by [[Norma Etta Pfeiffer]], was published in 1922 and remained a standard reference into the twenty-first century.<ref name="Pfeiffer 1922">{{cite journal |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Norma E. |date=1922 |title=Monograph of the Isoetaceae |url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-2990000/page/n1/mode/2up |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=79 – |doi=10.2307/2990000 |jstor=2990000 |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Haas2021-11">{{cite web |last1=Haas |first1=Michael J. |title=Secrets of quillwort photosynthesis could boost crop efficiency |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/11/secrets-quillwort-photosynthesis-could-boost-crop-efficiency |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=Cornell Chronicle}}</ref> Even after studies with cytology, scanning electron microscopy, and chromatography, species are difficult to identify and their phylogeny is disputed. Vegetative characteristics commonly used to distinguish other genera, such as leaf length, rigidity, color, or shape are variable and depend on the habitat. Most classification systems for ''Isoetes'' rely on spore characteristics, which make species identification nearly impossible without microscopy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cody |first1=William |url=https://archive.org/details/fernsfernallieso0000cody |title=Ferns and Fern Allies of Canada |last2=Britton |first2=Donald |publisher=Agriculture Canada |year=1989 |isbn=9780660131023 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Some [[botanist]]s split the genus, separating two South American species into the genus ''Stylites'', although molecular data place these species among other species of ''Isoetes'', so that ''Stylites'' does not warrant taxonomic recognition.<ref name="LarsénRydin2016">{{cite journal |last1=Larsén |first1=Eva |last2=Rydin |first2=Catarina |year=2016 |title=Disentangling the Phylogeny of Isoetes (Isoetales), Using Nuclear and Plastid Data |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=177 |issue=2 |pages=157–174 |doi=10.1086/684179 |issn=1058-5893 |s2cid=85737029}}</ref> === Evolution === [[File:Isoetites sp UWBM37862 WaG 1996 img1.png|thumb|right|Undescribed ''[[Isoetites]]'' fossil<br/>[[Klondike Mountain Formation]]]] The earliest fossil that has been assigned to the genus is {{extinct}}''[[Isoetes beestonii]]'' from the latest Permian<ref name="Retallack2013">{{cite journal |last1=Retallack |first1=G.J. |year=2013 |title=Permian and Triassic greenhouse crises |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=90–103 |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2012.03.003|bibcode=2013GondR..24...90R }}</ref> of New South Wales, Australia, around 252 million years ago.<ref name="Retallack1997">{{Cite journal |last=Retallack |first=G.J. |year=1997 |title=Earliest Triassic origin of ''Isoetes'' and quillwort evolutionary radiation |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=500–521 |doi=10.1017/S0022336000039524 |bibcode=1997JPal...71..500R |s2cid=140566050 |issn=0022-3360 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022336000039524/type/journal_article |language=en }}</ref> However, the relationships of pre-Jurassic isoetaleans to modern ''Isotetes'' have been regarded as unclear by other authors.<ref name="Wood2020" /> ''Isoetites rolandii'' from the Late Jurassic of North America has been described as the "earliest clear example of a isoetalean lycopsid containing all the major features uniting modern ''Isoetes",'' including the loss of the elongated stem and vegetative leaves. Based on this, it has been stated that "the overall morphology of ''Isoetes'' appears to have persisted virtually unchanged since at least the Jurassic".''<ref name="Wood2020" />'' The timing of the origin of the [[crown group]] is uncertain. Wood ''et al'' (2020) asserted there to be no morphological features that define the major clades within ''Isoetes,'' and no fossils are known that can be definitively assigned to the crown group.''<ref name="Wood2020" />'' While Wood ''et al.'' suggested a young origin dating to the early [[Cenozoic]] based on [[molecular clock]] estimates''<ref name="Wood2020" />'', the results were questioned by Wikström ''et al.'' (2023) who regarded the molecular clock as providing no firm evidence for the origin time of the genus, which could date to the [[Mesozoic]] or even the late [[Paleozoic]], depending on the [[Molecular clock#Calibration|calibration]] method used.<ref name="Wikström-2023" /> ===Extant species === {{As of|2019|November}}, ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' accepted the following extant species:<ref name=POWO_328186-2>{{cite web |title=''Isoetes'' {{small|L.}} |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328186-2 |access-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref> {{div col}} *''[[Isoetes abyssinica|I. abyssinica]]'' {{small|Chiov.}} *''[[Isoetes acadiensis|I. acadiensis]]'' {{small|Kott}} *''[[Isoetes aemulans|I. aemulans]]'' {{small|J.P.Roux}} *''[[Isoetes aequinoctialis|I. aequinoctialis]]'' {{small|Welw. ex A.Br.}} *''[[Isoetes alcalophila|I. alcalophila]]'' {{small|S.Halloy}} *''[[Isoetes alpina|I. alpina]]'' {{small|Kirk}} *''[[Isoetes alstonii|I. alstonii]]'' {{small|C.F.Reed & Verdc.}} *''[[Isoetes amazonica|I. amazonica]]'' {{small|A.Br.}} *''[[Isoetes anatolica|I. anatolica]]'' {{small|Prada & Rolleri}} *''[[Isoetes andicola|I. andicola]]'' {{small|(Amstutz) L.D.Gómez}} *''[[Isoetes andina|I. andina]]'' {{small|Spruce ex Hook.}} *''[[Isoetes appalachiana|I. appalachiana]]'' {{small|D.F.Brunt. & D.M.Britton}} *''[[Isoetes araucaniana|I. araucaniana]]'' {{small|Macluf & Hickey}} *''[[Isoetes asiatica|I. asiatica]]'' {{small|(Makino) Makino}} *''[[Isoetes attenuata|I. attenuata]]'' {{small|C.R.Marsden & Chinnock}} *''[[Isoetes australis|I. australis]]'' {{small|S.Williams}} *''[[Isoetes azorica|I. azorica]]'' {{small|Durieu}} *''[[Isoetes baculata|I. baculata]]'' {{small|Hickey & H.P.Fuchs}} *''[[Isoetes biafrana|I. biafrana]]'' {{small|Alston}} *''[[Isoetes bischlerae|I. bischlerae]]'' {{small|H.P.Fuchs}} *''[[Isoetes bolanderi|I. bolanderi]]'' {{small|Engelm.}} *''[[Isoetes boliviensis|I. boliviensis]]'' {{small|U.Weber}} *''[[Isoetes boomii|I. boomii]]'' {{small|Luebke}} *''[[Isoetes boryana|I. boryana]]'' {{small|Durieu}} *''[[Isoetes boyacensis|I. boyacensis]]'' {{small|H.P.Fuchs}} *''[[Isoetes bradei|I. bradei]]'' {{small|Herter}} *''[[Isoetes brasiliensis|I. brasiliensis]]'' {{small|H.P.Fuchs}} *''[[Isoetes brevicula|I. brevicula]]'' {{small|E.R.L.Johnson}} *''[[Isoetes butleri|I. butleri]]'' {{small|Engelm.}} *''[[Isoetes cangae|I. cangae]]'' {{small|J.B.S.Pereira, Salino & Stützel}} *''[[Isoetes capensis|I. capensis]]'' {{small|}} *''[[Isoetes caroli|I. caroli]]'' {{small|E.R.L.Johnson}} *''[[Isoetes caroliniana|I. caroliniana]]'' {{small|(A.A.Eaton) Luebke}} is regarded by ''Plants of the World Online'' as a synonym of ''[[Isoetes valida|I. valida]]'', but other sources treat it as a valid species<ref name=CFLW>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Hassler |first1=Michael |last2=Schmitt |first2=Bernd |date=November 2019 |contribution=Isoetes caroliniana |title=Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World |at=8.11 |url=https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> *''[[Isoetes chubutiana|I. chubutiana]]'' {{small|Hickey, Macluf & W.C.Taylor}} *''[[Isoetes coromandelina|I. coromandelina]]'' {{small|L.f.}} *''[[Isoetes creussensis|I. creussensis]]'' {{small|Lazare & S.Riba}} *''[[Isoetes cristata|I. cristata]]'' {{small|C.R.Marsden & Chinnock}} *''[[Isoetes cubana|I. cubana]]'' {{small|Engelm.}} *''[[Isoetes delilei|I. delilei]]'' {{small|(Bory) Rothm.}} *''[[Isoetes dispora|I. dispora]]'' {{small|Hickey}} *''[[Isoetes dixitii|I. dixitii]]'' {{small|Shende}} *''[[Isoetes drummondii|I. drummondii]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes durieui|I. durieui]]'' {{small|Bory}} *''[[Isoetes echinospora|I. echinospora]]'' {{small|Durieu}} *''[[Isoetes ecuadoriensis|I. ecuadoriensis]]'' {{small|Aspl.}} *''[[Isoetes ekmanii|I. ekmanii]]'' {{small|U.Weber}} *''[[Isoetes elatior|I. elatior]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes eludens|I. eludens]]'' {{small|J.P.Roux, Hopper & Rhian J.Sm.}} *''[[Isoetes engelmannii|I. engelmannii]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes escondidensis|I. escondidensis]]'' {{small|S.Halloy}} *''[[Isoetes eshbaughii|I. eshbaughii]]'' {{small|Hickey & H.P.Fuchs}} *''[[Isoetes flaccida|I. flaccida]]'' {{small|Shuttlew.}} *''[[Isoetes fluitans|I. fluitans]]'' {{small|M.I.Romero}} *''[[Isoetes fuliginosa|I. fuliginosa]]'' {{small|R.L.Small & Hickey}} *''[[Isoetes fuscomarginata|I. fuscomarginata]]'' {{small|H.P.Fuchs}} *''[[Isoetes gardneriana|I. gardneriana]]'' {{small|Kunze}} *''[[Isoetes georgiana|I. georgiana]]'' {{small|Luebke}} *''[[Isoetes giessii|I. giessii]]'' {{small|Launert}} *''[[Isoetes gigantea|I. gigantea]]'' {{small|U.Weber}} *''[[Isoetes graniticola|I. graniticola]]'' {{small|D.F.Brunt.}} *''[[Isoetes gunnii|I. gunnii]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes gymnocarpa|I. gymnocarpa]]'' {{small|(Gennari) A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes habbemensis|I. habbemensis]]'' {{small|Alston}} *''[[Isoetes hallasanensis|I. hallasanensis]]'' {{small|H.K.Choi, Ch.Kim & J.Jung}} *''[[Isoetes haussknechtii|I. haussknechtii]]'' {{small|Troìa & Greuter}} *''[[Isoetes hawaiiensis|I. hawaiiensis]]'' {{small|W.C.Taylor & W.H.Wagner}} *''[[Isoetes heldreichii|I. heldreichii]]'' {{small|Wettst.}} *''[[Isoetes hemivelata|I. hemivelata]]'' {{small|R.L.Small & Hickey}} *''[[Isoetes herzogii|I. herzogii]]'' {{small|U.Weber}} *''[[Isoetes hewitsonii|I. hewitsonii]]'' {{small|Hickey}} *''[[Isoetes hieronymi|I. hieronymi]]'' {{small|U.Weber}} *''[[Isoetes histrix|I. histrix]]'' {{small|Bory}} *''[[Isoetes hopei|I. hopei]]'' {{small|J.R.Croft}} *''[[Isoetes howellii|I. howellii]]'' {{small|Engelm.}} *''[[Isoetes humilior|I. humilior]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes hypsophila|I. hypsophila]]'' {{small|Hand.-Mazz.}} *''[[Isoetes inflata|I. inflata]]'' {{small|E.R.L.Johnson}} *''[[Isoetes jaegeri|I. jaegeri]]'' {{small|Pitot}} *''[[Isoetes jamaicensis|I. jamaicensis]]'' {{small|Hickey}} *''[[Isoetes japonica|I. japonica]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes jejuensis|I. jejuensis]]'' {{small|H.K.Choi, Ch.Kim & J.Jung}} *''[[Isoetes junciformis|I. junciformis]]'' {{small|D.F.Brunt. & D.M.Britton}} *''[[Isoetes karstenii|I. karstenii]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes killipii|I. killipii]]'' {{small|C.V.Morton}} *''[[Isoetes kirkii|I. kirkii]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes labri-draconis|I. labri-draconis]]'' {{small|N.R.Crouch}} *''[[Isoetes lacustris|I. lacustris]]'' {{small|L.}} *''[[Isoetes laosiensis|I. laosiensis]]'' {{small|C.Kim & H.K.Choi}} *''[[Isoetes lechleri|I. lechleri]]'' {{small|Mett.}} *''[[Isoetes libanotica|I. libanotica]]'' {{small|Musselman, Bolin & R.D.Bray}} *''[[Isoetes lithophila|I. lithophila]]'' {{small|N.Pfeiff.}} *''[[Isoetes longissima|I. longissima]]'' {{small|Bory}} *''[[Isoetes louisianensis|I. louisianensis]]'' {{small|Thieret}} *''[[Isoetes luetzelburgii|I. luetzelburgii]]'' {{small|U.Weber}} *''[[Isoetes macrospora|I. macrospora]]'' {{small|}} *''[[Isoetes malinverniana|I. malinverniana]]'' {{small|Ces. & De Not.}} *''[[Isoetes maritima|I. maritima]]'' {{small|Underw.}} – maritime quillwort *''[[Isoetes martii|I. martii]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes mattaponica|I. mattaponica]]'' {{small|Musselman & W.C.Taylor}} *''[[Isoetes maxima|I. maxima]]'' {{small|Hickey, Macluf & Link-Pérez}} *''[[Isoetes melanopoda|I. melanopoda]]'' {{small|J.Gay & Durieu}} (''I. virginica'' {{small|N.Pfeiff.}}) *''[[Isoetes melanospora|I. melanospora]]'' {{small|Engelm.}} *''[[Isoetes melanotheca|I. melanotheca]]'' {{small|Alston}} *''[[Isoetes mexicana|I. mexicana]]'' {{small|Underw.}} (syn. ''Isoetes montezumae'' {{small|A.A.Eaton}}) *''[[Isoetes microvela|I. microvela]]'' {{small|D.F.Brunt.}} *''[[Isoetes minima|I. minima]]'' {{small|A.A.Eaton}} *''[[Isoetes mississippiensis|I. mississippiensis]]'' {{small|S.W.Leonard, ''et al.''}} *''[[Isoetes mongerensis|I. mongerensis]]'' {{small|E.R.L.Johnson}} *''[[Isoetes montana|I. montana]]'' {{small|U.Weber}} *''[[Isoetes mourabaptistae|I. mourabaptistae]]'' {{small|J.B.S.Pereira,''et al.''}} *''[[Isoetes muelleri|I. muelleri]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes naipiana|I. naipiana]]'' {{small|P.G.Windisch, Lorscheitt. & Nervo}} *''[[Isoetes nana|I. nana]]'' {{small|J.B.S.Pereira}} *''[[Isoetes neoguineensis|I. neoguineensis]]'' {{small|}} *''[[Isoetes nigritiana|I. nigritiana]]'' {{small|A.Br.}} *''[[Isoetes nigroreticulata|I. nigroreticulata]]'' {{small|Verdc.}} *''[[Isoetes novogranadensis|I. novogranadensis]]'' {{small|H.P.Fuchs}} *''[[Isoetes nuttallii|I. nuttallii]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes occidentalis|I. occidentalis]]'' {{small|L.F.Hend.}} *''[[Isoetes olympica|I. olympica]]'' {{small|A.Br.}} *''[[Isoetes orcuttii|I. orcuttii]]'' {{small|A.A.Eaton}} *''[[Isoetes organensis|I. organensis]]'' {{small|U.Weber}} *''[[Isoetes orientalis|I. orientalis]]'' {{small|Hong Liu & Q.F.Wang}} *''[[Isoetes ovata|I. ovata]]'' {{small|N.Pfeiff.}} *''[[Isoetes pallida|I. pallida]]'' {{small|Hickey}} *''[[Isoetes palmeri|I. palmeri]]'' {{small|H.P.Fuchs}} *''[[Isoetes panamensis|I. panamensis]]'' {{small|Maxon & C.V.Morton}} *''[[Isoetes parvula|I. parvula]]'' {{small|Hickey}} *''[[Isoetes pedersenii|I. pedersenii]]'' {{small|H.P.Fuchs ex E.I.Meza & Macluf}} *''[[Isoetes perralderiana|I. perralderiana]]'' {{small|Durieu & Letourn. ex Milde}} *''[[Isoetes perrieriana|I. perrieriana]]'' {{small|Iversen}} *''[[Isoetes philippinensis|I. philippinensis]]'' {{small|Merr. & L.M.Perry}} *''[[Isoetes phrygia|I. phrygia]]'' {{small|Hausskn.}} *''[[Isoetes piedmontana|I. piedmontana]]'' {{small|(N.Pfeiff.) C.F.Reed}} *''[[Isoetes pitotii|I. pitotii]]'' {{small|Alston}} *''[[Isoetes precocia|I. precocia]]'' {{small|R.L.Small & Hickey}} *''[[Isoetes pringlei|I. pringlei]]'' {{small|Underw.}} *''[[Isoetes prototypus|I. prototypus]]'' {{small|D.M.Britton & Goltz}} *''[[Isoetes pseudojaponica|I. pseudojaponica]]'' {{small|M.Takamiya, Mits.Watan. & K.Ono}} *''[[Isoetes pusilla|I. pusilla]]'' {{small|C.R.Marsden & Chinnock}} *''[[Isoetes quiririensis|I. quiririensis]]'' {{small|J.B.S.Pereira & Labiak}} *''[[Isoetes ramboi|I. ramboi]]'' {{small|Herter}} *''[[Isoetes riparia|I. riparia]]'' {{small|Engelm. ex A.Braun}} (syn ''I. hyemalis'' {{small|D.F.Brunt.}}) *''[[Isoetes sabatina|I. sabatina]]'' {{small|Troìa & Azzella}} *''[[Isoetes saccharata|I. saccharata]]'' {{small|Engelm.}} *''[[Isoetes sahyadrii|I. sahyadrii]]'' {{small|Mahab.}} *''[[Isoetes saracochensis|I. saracochensis]]'' {{small|Hickey}} *''[[Isoetes savatieri|I. savatieri]]'' {{small|Franch.}} *''[[Isoetes schweinfurthii|I. schweinfurthii]]'' {{small|A.Br.}} *''[[Isoetes sehnemii|I. sehnemii]]'' {{small|H.P.Fuchs}} *''[[Isoetes septentrionalis|I. septentrionalis]]'' {{small|D.F.Brunt.}} *''[[Isoetes serracarajensis|I. serracarajensis]]'' {{small|J.B.S.Pereira, Salino & Stützel}} *''[[Isoetes setacea|I. setacea]]'' {{small|Lam.}} *''[[Isoetes sinensis|I. sinensis]]'' {{small|T.C.Palmer}} (synonym ''I. coreana'' {{small|Y.H.Chung & H.K.Choi}}) *''[[Isoetes smithii|I. smithii]]'' {{small|H.P.Fuchs}} *''[[Isoetes spannagelii|I. spannagelii]]'' {{small|H.P.Fuchs}} *''[[Isoetes spinulospora|I. spinulospora]]'' {{small|C.Jermy & Schelpe}} *''[[Isoetes stellenbossiensis|I. stellenbossiensis]]'' {{small|A.V.Duthie}} *''[[Isoetes stephanseniae|I. stephanseniae]]'' {{small|A.V.Duthie}} *''[[Isoetes stevensii|I. stevensii]]'' {{small|J.R.Croft}} *''[[Isoetes storkii|I. storkii]]'' {{small|T.C.Palmer}} *''[[Isoetes taiwanensis|I. taiwanensis]]'' {{small|De Vol}} *''[[Isoetes tamaulipana|I. tamaulipana]]'' {{small|Mora-Olivo, A.Mend. & Mart.-Aval.}} *''[[Isoetes tegetiformans|I. tegetiformans]]'' {{small|Rury}} *''[[Isoetes tenella|I. tenella]]'' {{small|Léman ex Desv.}} *''[[Isoetes tennesseensis|I. tennesseensis]]'' {{small|Luebke & Budke}} *''[[Isoetes tenuifolia|I. tenuifolia]]'' {{small|Jermy}} *''[[Isoetes tenuissima|I. tenuissima]]'' {{small|Boreau}} *''[[Isoetes texana|I. texana]]'' {{small|Singhurst, Rushing & W.C.Holmes}} *''[[Isoetes todaroana|I. todaroana]]'' {{small|Troìa & Raimondo}} *''[[Isoetes toximontana|I. toximontana]]'' {{small|Musselman & J.P.Roux}} *''[[Isoetes transvaalensis|I. transvaalensis]]'' {{small|C.Jermy & Schelpe}} *''[[Isoetes triangula|I. triangula]]'' {{small|U.Weber}} *''[[Isoetes tripus|I. tripus]]'' {{small|A.Braun}} *''[[Isoetes truncata|I. truncata]]'' {{small|Clute}} *''[[Isoetes tuckermanii|I. tuckermanii]]'' {{small|A.Braun ex Engelm.}} *''[[Isoetes tuerckheimii|I. tuerckheimii]]'' {{small|Brause}} *''[[Isoetes udupiensis|I. udupiensis]]'' {{small|P.K.Shukla, G.K.Srivast., S.K.Shukla & P.K.Rajagopal}} *''[[Isoetes ulei|I. ulei]]'' {{small|U.Weber}} *''[[Isoetes valida|I. valida]]'' {{small|Clute}} *''[[Isoetes vanensis|I. vanensis]]'' {{small|M.Keskin & G.Zare}} *''[[Isoetes vermiculata|I. vermiculata]]'' {{small|Hickey}} *''[[Isoetes viridimontana|I. viridimontana]]'' {{small|M.A.Rosenthal & W.C.Taylor}} *''[[Isoetes weberi|I. weberi]]'' {{small|Herter}} *''[[Isoetes welwitschii|I. welwitschii]]'' {{small|A.Br. ex Kuhn}} *''[[Isoetes wormaldii|I. wormaldii]]'' {{small|Sim}} *''[[Isoetes yunguiensis|I. yunguiensis]]'' {{small|Q.F.Wang & W.C.Taylor}} {{div col end}} Many species, such as the Louisiana quillwort and the mat-forming quillwort, are [[endangered species]]. Several species of ''Isoetes'' are commonly called '''Merlin's grass''', especially ''[[Isoetes lacustris|I. lacustris]]'', but also the endangered species ''[[Isoetes tegetiformans|I. tegetiformans]]''. ===Hybrids=== {{div col}} *[[Isoetes × altonharvillii|''I.'' × ''altonharvillii'']] {{small|Musselman}} *[[Isoetes × brittonii|''I.'' × ''brittonii'']] {{small|D.F.Brunt. & W.C.Taylor}} *[[Isoetes × bruntonii|''I.'' × ''bruntonii'']] {{small|Knepper & Musselman}} *[[Isoetes × carltaylorii|''I.'' × ''carltaylorii'']] {{small|Musselman}} *[[Isoetes × dodgei|''I.'' × ''dodgei'']] {{small|A.A.Eaton}} *[[Isoetes × eatonii|''I.'' × ''eatonii'']] {{small|R.Dodge}} – Eaton's quillwort *[[Isoetes × echtuckerii|''I.'' × ''echtuckerii'']] {{small|D.F.Brunt. & D.M.Britton}} *[[Isoetes × fairbrothersii|''I.'' × ''fairbrothersii'']] {{small|J.D.Montgom. & W.C.Taylor}} *[[Isoetes × foveolata|''I.'' × ''foveolata'']] {{small|A.A.Eaton}} *[[Isoetes × gopalkrishnae|''I.'' × ''gopalkrishnae'']] {{small|S.K.Singh, P.K.Shukla & N.K.Dubey}} *[[Isoetes × harveyi|''I.'' × ''harveyi'']] {{small|A.A.Eaton}} (syn. ''I.'' × ''heterospora'' {{small|Eaton}}) *[[Isoetes × herb-wagneri|''I.'' × ''herb-wagneri'']] {{small|W.C.Taylor}} *[[Isoetes × hickeyi|''I.'' × ''hickeyi'']] {{small|W.C.Taylor & Luebke}} *[[Isoetes × jeffreyi|''I.'' × ''jeffreyi'']] {{small|D.M.Britton & D.F.Brunt.}} *[[Isoetes × marensis|''I.'' × ''marensis'']] {{small|D.M.Britton & D.F.Brunt.}} *[[Isoetes × michinokuana|''I.'' × ''michinokuana'']] {{small|M.Takamiya, Mits.Watan. & K.Ono}} *[[Isoetes × novae-angliae|''I.'' × ''novae-angliae'']] {{small|D.F.Brunt. & D.M.Britton}} *[[Isoetes × paratunica|''I.'' × ''paratunica'']] {{small|D.F.Brunt., Mochalova & A.A.Bobrov}} *[[Isoetes × pseudotruncata|''I.'' × ''pseudotruncata'']] {{small|D.M.Britton & D.F.Brunt.}} {{div col end}} ===Fossil species=== *†''[[Isoetes beestonii]]'' {{small|Retallack}} (Permian, Australia)<ref name="Retallack1997"/><ref name="Retallack2013"/> *†''[[Isoetes bulbiformis]]'' {{small|Drinnan}} (Cretaceous, Australia)<ref name="Pigg2001">{{cite journal |last1=Pigg |first1=K.B. |year=2001 |title=Isoetalean lycopsid evolution: from the Devonian to the present |journal=American Fern Journal |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=99–114 |doi=10.1640/0002-8444(2001)091[0099:ILEFTD]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=85852292 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/230740 }}</ref> *†''[[lsoetes ermayinensis]]'' {{small|Wang}} (Triassic, China)<ref name="Pigg2001"/> *†''[[Isoetes gramineoides]]'' {{small|Bock}} (Triassic, US)<ref name="Pigg2001"/> *†''[[Isoetes hillii]]'' {{small|D.M. Britton}} (Miocene, Tasmania)<ref name="Hill1988">{{cite journal |last1=Hill |first1=R.S. |year=1988 |title=Tertiary ''Isoetes'' from Tasmania |journal=Alcheringa |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=157–162 |doi=10.1080/03115518808619003|bibcode=1988Alch...12..157H }}</ref><ref name="Britton1993">{{cite journal |last1=Britton |first1=D. M. |year=1993 |title=''Isoëtes reticulata'' RS Hill 1987 (Alcheringa 12: 158) is an illegitimate name. |journal=American Fern Journal |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=128 |doi=10.2307/1547589|jstor=1547589 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/230632 }}</ref>
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