Editing Islamophobia (section)

===History of the term===

One early use cited as the term's first use is by the painter [[Étienne Dinet|Alphonse Étienne Dinet]] and [[Algeria]]n intellectual Sliman ben Ibrahim in their 1918 biography of Islam's prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite book |title=La Vie de Mohammed, Prophète d'Allah |last1=Dinet |first1=Alphonse Étienne |last2=ben Ibrahim |first2=Sliman |year=1918 |location=Paris |publisher=Henri Piazza}} cited from {{Cite book|last1=Otterbeck |first1=Jonas |last2=Bevelander |first2=Pieter |year=2006 |title=Islamofobi&nbsp; – en studie av begreppet, ungdomars attityder och unga muslimars utsatthet |publisher=Forum för levande historia |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=978-91-976073-6-0 |url=http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamofobi.pdf |access-date=23 November 2011 |quote=modern orientalists [are partially] influenced by an islamofobia, which is poorly reconciled with science and hardly worthy of our time |others=Anders Lange |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119025153/http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamofobi.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name=Allen2010pp5-6>Allen, Christopher (2010). ''Islamophobia''. [[Ashgate Publishing]]. pp.&nbsp;5–6.</ref> Writing in French, they used the term ''{{Wikt-lang|fr|islamophobie}}''. Robin Richardson writes that in the English version of the book the word was not translated as "Islamophobia" but rather as "feelings inimical to Islam". Dahou Ezzerhouni has cited several other uses in French as early as 1910, and from 1912 to 1918.<ref>Ezzerhouni, Dahou. [http://www.algerie-focus.com/2010/02/03/lislamophobie-un-racisme-apparu-avec-les-colonisations/ "L'islamophobie, un racisme apparu avec les colonisations"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417000408/http://www.algerie-focus.com/2010/02/03/lislamophobie-un-racisme-apparu-avec-les-colonisations/ |date=17 April 2011 }}, ''Algerie-Focus'', 3 February 2010. "Le mot serai ainsi apparu pour la première fois dans quelques ouvrages du début du XXème siècle. On peut citer entre autre « La politique musulmane dans l'Afrique Occidentale Française » d'Alain Quellien publié en 1910, suivi de quelques citations dans la ''[[Revue du monde musulman]]'' en 1912 et 1918, la Revue du Mercure de France en 1912, « Haut-Sénégal-Niger » de Maurice Delafosse en 1912 et dans le Journal of Theological Studies en 1924. L'année suivante, Etienne Dinet et Slimane Ben Brahim, employaient ce terme qui «conduit à l'aberration » dans leur ouvrage « L'Orient vu par l'Occident »."</ref> These early uses of the term did not, according to [[Chris Allen (academic)|Christopher Allen]], have the same meaning as in contemporary usage, as they described a fear of Islam by [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|liberal Muslims]] and [[Islamic feminism|Muslim feminists]], rather than a fear or dislike/hatred of Muslims by non-Muslims.<ref name=Allen2010pp5-6/><ref name=Allen2007>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=45668|title=Islamophobia and its Consequences|author=Chris Allen|journal=European Islam|year=2007|pages=144–67|author-link=Chris Allen (academic)}}</ref> On the other hand, Fernando Bravo López argues that Dinet and ibn Sliman's use of the term was as a criticism of overly hostile attitudes to Islam by a Belgian orientalist, Henri Lammens, whose project they saw as a "'pseudo-scientific crusade in the hope of bringing Islam down once and for all.{{'"}} He also notes that an early definition of Islamophobia appears in the 1910 Ph.D. thesis of Alain Quellien, a French colonial bureaucrat:
<blockquote>For some, the Muslim is the natural and irreconcilable enemy of the Christian and the European; Islam is the negation of civilization, and barbarism, bad faith and cruelty are the best one can expect from the Mohammedans.</blockquote>
Furthermore, he notes that Quellien's work draws heavily on the work of the French colonial department's 1902–06 administrator, who published a work in 1906, which to a great extent mirrors [[John Esposito]]'s ''The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bravo López | first1 = F. | title = Towards a definition of Islamophobia: Approximations of the early twentieth century | doi = 10.1080/01419870.2010.528440 | journal = Ethnic and Racial Studies | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 556–73 | year = 2011 | s2cid = 217534342 | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00645104/file/PEER_stage2_10.1080%252F01419870.2010.528440.pdf }}</ref>

The first recorded use of the term in English, according to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', was in 1923 in an article in ''[[The Journal of Theological Studies]]''.<ref name=OED/> The term entered into common usage with the publication of the Runnymede Trust's report in 1997.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Otterbeck |first1=Jonas |last2=Bevelander |first2=Pieter |year=2006 |title=Islamofobi&nbsp; – en studie av begreppet, ungdomars attityder och unga muslimars utsatthet |publisher=Forum för levande historia |location=Stockholm |language=sv |isbn=978-91-976073-6-0 |url=http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamofobi.pdf |access-date=23 November 2011 |others=Anders Lange |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119025153/http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/islamofobi.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref> "Kofi Annan asserted at a 2004 conference entitled "Confronting Islamophobia" that the word Islamophobia had to be coined in order to "take account of increasingly widespread bigotry".<ref Name=Annan>[[Kofi Annan|Annan, Kofi]]. [https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9637.doc.htm "Secretary-General, addressing headquarters seminar Wed Confronting Islamophobia"], [[United Nations]], press release, 7 December 2004.</ref>