Editing Islamism (section)

===Anti-Westernization===
{{Further|Anti-Western sentiment}}
Muslim alienation from Western ways, including its political ways.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2500?_hi=19&_pos=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528231208/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2500?_hi=19&_pos=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 May 2012 |title=From the article on westernization in Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxfordislamicstudies.com |access-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>
* The memory in Muslim societies of the many centuries of "cultural and institutional success" of Islamic civilization that have created an "intense resistance to an alternative 'civilizational order'", such as Western civilization.<ref>Fuller, E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', (2003), p. 15</ref>
* The proximity of the core of the Muslim world to Europe and Christendom where it first conquered and then was conquered. [[Al-Andalus|Iberia]] in the eighth century, the [[Crusades]] which began in the eleventh century, then for centuries the [[Ottoman Empire]], were all fields of war between Europe and Islam.<ref>''Islam and the Myth of Confrontation'', Fred Halliday; (2003) p. 108</ref>

:In the words of [[Bernard Lewis]]:
:<blockquote>For almost a thousand years, from the first Moorish landing in Spain to the second Turkish siege of Vienna, Europe was under constant threat from Islam. In the early centuries it was a double threat—not only of invasion and conquest, but also of conversion and assimilation. All but the easternmost provinces of the Islamic realm had been taken from Christian rulers, and the vast majority of the first Muslims west of Iran and Arabia were converts from Christianity ... Their loss was sorely felt and it heightened the fear that a similar fate was in store for Europe.<ref>Lewis, Bernard, ''Islam and the West'' Oxford University Press, p. 13, (1993)</ref></blockquote>

For Islamists, the primary threat of the West is cultural rather than political or economic. Cultural dependency robs one of faith and identity and thus destroys Islam and the Islamic community (''[[ummah]]'') far more effectively than political rule.<ref name="Haddad/Esposito1">Haddad/Esposito p. xvi</ref>