Editing Islamic dietary laws (section)

===Haram (forbidden)===
A variety of substances are also considered unlawful ([[haram]]) for humans to consume and therefore, the consumption of them is forbidden by the [[Sharia]] (Islamic law).

Certain animals are considered haram, including land animals without blood, including all [[insect]]s except [[locust]]s. Most [[reptile]]s are also considered haram, as well as most pests (''hasharat al-Ardh'') such as mice and rats.

Differences of opinion exist as to whether the consumption of [[horse]]s, [[mule]]s, and [[donkey]]s is permitted. In the Quran, one finds this verse: "And (He has created) horses, mules, and donkeys, for you to ride and use for show; and He has created (other) things of which you have no knowledge".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah An-Nahl - 8 |url=https://quran.com/an-nahl/8 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> Some scholars have interpreted this as limiting the named animals for riding and show only, prohibiting their consumption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunan Abi Dawud 3790 - Foods (Kitab Al-At'imah) - كتاب الأطعمة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud:3790 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref> Predatory animals, such as [[lion]]s, [[tiger]]s, [[falcon]]s and [[hawk]]s are forbidden as well.

However, a person would not be considered guilty of sin in a situation where the lack of any alternative creates an undesired necessity to consume that which is otherwise unlawful, such as a [[famine]].<ref name="cite quran|5|3|s=ns">{{cite quran|5|3|s=ns}}</ref>

====Intoxicants====
[[File:Sign on a refrigerator in Malaysia notifying that sales of beer are for non-Muslim customers only.jpg|thumb|Sign on a refrigerator in a convenience store in [[Malaysia]] notifying that sales of beer are for non-Muslim customers only]]
{{Main|Khamr}}{{anchor|Alcohol}}
[[Alcoholic drinks]] are generally prohibited under Islamic thought,<ref name="Tillier 1–64">{{Cite journal |last1=Tillier |first1=Mathieu |last2=Vanthieghem |first2=Naïm |date=2022-09-02 |title=Des amphores rouges et des jarres vertes: Considérations sur la production et la consommation de boissons fermentées aux deux premiers siècles de l'hégire |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ils/30/1-2/article-p1_001.xml |journal=Islamic Law and Society |volume=30 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–64 |doi=10.1163/15685195-bja10025 |s2cid=252084558 |issn=0928-9380}}</ref> with the [[Quran]] including several verses that admonish the consumption of ''[[khamr]]'', an Arabic term meaning intoxicants that is interpreted to include most forms of alcohol and [[psychoactive drugs]]:
{{Blockquote|They question you about intoxicants and games of chance. Say: In both is great sin, and (some) utility for men; but the sin of them is greater than their usefulness. And they ask you what they should to spend. Say: that which is superfluous. Thus God makes plain to you (His) revelations, that you may reflect. (Al-Quran 2:219)}}
{{Blockquote| O you who believe! Draw not near unto prayer when you are drunken, till you know that which you say, nor when you are polluted, save when journeying upon the road, till you have bathed. And if you are ill, or on a journey, or you have touched women, and you cannot find water, then go to clean soil and rub your faces and your hands (therewith). Indeed, Allah is ever Pardoning, Forgiving. ([[Quran 4:43]])}}
{{Blockquote|O you who believe! Intoxicants and games of chance and idols and [[divining arrows]] are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may be successful. (Al-Quran 5:90)}}

There is some debate about whether the prohibition extends to dishes in which the alcohol would be cooked off, or if it would be practically impossible to consume enough of the food to become intoxicated, but it is generally accepted that the inclusion of any alcohol should be avoided and alternatives used.<ref name="Tillier 1–64"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Granleese |first=Bob |date=2019-05-31 |title=As a Muslim, I can't cook with alcohol – what can I use instead? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2019/may/31/muslim-alcohol-cooking-substitiutes-halal-kitchen-aide |access-date=2023-05-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alcohol in Cooking {{!}} ISA Halal |url=https://www.isahalal.com/news-events/blog/cooking-alcohol-halal |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=Islamic Services of America |language=en}}</ref>

Substances that contain intoxicants but are not consumed are not prohibited as such. For example, alcohol can be used as a disinfectant or for cleaning.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.npsa.nhs.uk/cleanyourhands/resource-area/nhs-resources/faqs-for-coordinators/faqs-alcohol-handrub/#4 |title=UK NHS National Patient Safety Agency: Alcohol handrub |access-date=2013-05-22 |archive-date=2017-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506055912/http://www.npsa.nhs.uk/cleanyourhands/resource-area/nhs-resources/faqs-for-coordinators/faqs-alcohol-handrub/#4 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf|title=World Health Organization Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care}}</ref>

The [[Alevi Islam|Alevi]] Muslims of Turkey permit alcohol, unlike many other denominations.<ref>[http://euobserver.com/news/27323 Turkey's Alevi Muslims look to EU for protection from intolerance].</ref> The [[Zaidiyyah|Zaidi]] and [[Mu'tazili|Mutazili]] sects believe that the use of alcohol has always been forbidden and refer to the [[Qur'an]] Ayah (4:43) as feeling of sleepiness and not to be awake.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

====Carrion====
An animal that dies by itself, i.e., [[carrion]], is forbidden in Islam:

{{Blockquote|Forbidden to you is that which dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that on which any other name than that of Allah has been invoked, and the strangled (animal) and that beaten to death, and that killed by a fall and that killed by being smitten with the horn, and that which wild beasts have eaten, except what you slaughter, and what is sacrificed on stones set up (for idols) and that you divide by the arrows; that is a transgression.| [[Quran 5:3]]<ref name="cite quran|5|3|s=ns">{{cite quran|5|3|s=ns}}</ref>}}

====Blood====
The consumption of [[Blood as food|blood and its by-products as food]] is forbidden in Islam, in the Quran, surah 5, [[Al-Ma'ida|al-Maʼidah]], verse 3:

{{Blockquote|Forbidden to you is that which dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that on which any other name than that of Allah has been invoked, and the strangled (animal) and that beaten to death, and that killed by a fall and that killed by being smitten with the horn, and that which wild beasts have eaten, except what you slaughter, and what is sacrificed on stones set up (for idols) and that you divide by the arrows; that is a transgression.| [[Quran 5:3]]<ref name="cite quran|5|3|s=ns">{{cite quran|5|3|s=ns}}</ref>}}

====Pork====
{{See also|Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork}}
The consumption of pork and products made from pork are strictly forbidden in Islam. The origin of this prohibition is in Surat al-[[Baqarah]]:
{{Blockquote| He has only forbidden you what dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that over which any other (name) than (that of) Allah has been invoked; but whoever is driven to necessity, not desiring, nor exceeding the limit, no sin shall be upon him; surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.| [[Quran 2:173]]<ref name="cite quran|2|173|s=ns">{{cite quran|2|173|s=ns}}</ref>|title=|source=}}

====Animals dedicated to other than God====
Animal dedicated to or slaughtered in the name of a human being or saint is prohibited.
{{Blockquote|He has only forbidden you what dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that over which any other (name) than (that of) God has been invoked; but whoever is driven to necessity, not desiring, nor exceeding the limit, no sin shall be upon him; surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.| [[Quran 2:173]]<ref name="cite quran|2|173|s=ns"/>}}

====Horses, mules and donkeys====
In both Sunni and Shia hadith the meat of mules is prohibited but horse meat is allowed in Sunni sources.

{{Blockquote|Narrated Jabir bin `Abdullah:
"On the day of Khaibar, Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the eating of donkey meat and allowed the eating of horse meat."<ref>Sahih Bukhari 4219</ref>}}

Horse meat is especially popular among the Muslims of [[Central Asia]], due in part to their nomadic heritage.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080610023546/http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php Horse meat dishes in Kazakhstan]. Retrieved 13 January 2009. (archived from [http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php the original] on 2008-06-10)</ref>

According to Shia hadith, the use of horses for food is prohibited.<ref>Al-Kafi 2:11128:13</ref>

[[Donkey]] meat is prohibited according to one hadith.<ref>Sahih Bukhari 7:67:431</ref>

====Animals with fangs====
Predator animals possessing [[fang]]s are prohibited (e.g. cats, dogs, bears, lions, wolves).
{{Blockquote|Narrated Abu Tha`laba:
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the eating of the meat of beasts having fangs (canine teeth).<ref>Sahih Bukhari 7:67:438</ref><ref>Al-Kafi 2:11117:2</ref>}}

====Birds of prey====
Birds having talons are prohibited (e.g. owls, eagles, hawks).
{{Blockquote|Ibn 'Abbas reported that Islamic Prophet prohibited the eating of all fanged beasts of prey, and all the birds having talons (claws).<ref>Sahih Muslim 21:4752</ref>}}

====Other prohibited animals====
[[Lizard]] is prohibited, except for the [[Uromastyx|dabb lizard]] according to most scholars.
{{Blockquote|Narrated Abdur Rahman ibn Shibl: The Messenger of God (ﷺ) forbade to eat the flesh of lizard.<ref>Sunah Abi Dawood 3796</ref>}}
{{Blockquote|It was narrated that Ibn ‘Umar said: "Who eats crows? The Messenger of God (ﷺ) called them vermin, By Allah, they are not from among the good and permissible things."<ref>Sunao ibn Majah 4:28:3248</ref>}}
{{Blockquote|From Khalid ibn al-Walid, that he went with the Messenger of God to the house of Maymuna, who was his and Ibn Abbas's aunt. He found with her a roasted dabb lizard which her sister Hufayda bint al-Harith brought from Najd. Maymuna presented the dabb lizard to the Messenger of God who rarely started eating food before it was described and named for him. The Messenger of God stretched his hand towards the dabb lizard whereupon a lady among those who were present said, "You should inform the Messenger of God of what you have presented to him. O Messenger of God! It is the meat of a dabb lizard." The Messenger of God withdrew his hand from the meat of the dabb lizard. Khalid asked, "O Messenger of God! Is this unlawful to eat?" The Messenger of God replied, "No, but it is not found in the land of my people, so I do not like it." Khalid said, "I then took the dabb lizard toward me and ate it while the Messenger of God was looking at me.<ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Bukhari|author-link=Al-Bukhari|title=Sahih al-Bukhari 5391|title-link=Sahih al-Bukhari}}</ref>}}

Likewise [[snake]]s, [[scorpion]], and mice are prohibited. There are also no rodents that are considered halal to eat in Islam.
{{Blockquote|It was narrated from ‘Aishah that the Islamic Prophet said: "Snakes are vermin, scorpions are vermin, mice are vermin and crows are vermin."<ref>sunah ibn majah 4:28:3249</ref>}}
Eating monkeys is prohibited in Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-05 |title=Muslims and food: What can be eaten safely and what should be avoided as per Islamic law |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/muslims-and-food-what-can-be-eaten-safely-and-what-should-be-avoided-as-per-islamic-law-4336851.html |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> According to Shia hadith, metamorphosed animals to which a disobedient, irreverent, or arrogant pre-Islamic nation was converted as a punishment (such as [[ape]]s and [[monkey]]s) are prohibited.<ref>Al-Kafi 3:11132:1</ref>