Editing Isabella II (section)

==== Revolution and coup ====
In August 1866, exiled forces comprising both elements from the [[Democratic Party (Spain)|Democratic]] and the [[Progressive Party (Spain)|Progressive Party]] met secretly in Belgium and subscribed to the [[Pact of Ostend]] under the initiative of [[Juan Prim|Marshal Prim]], seeking to topple Isabella.<ref name="xl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.xlsemanal.com/conocer/historia/20181017/revolucion-1868-la-gloriosa-isabel-ii-prim.html|website=XLSemanal|title=¿Por qué España echó a la reina Isabel II?|date=17 October 2018}}</ref> On 7 July 1868, Isabella banished her sister and brother-in-law from Spain, as they were linked to a conspiracy against the Crown in connivance with generals from the [[Liberal Union (Spain)|Liberal Union]].{{Sfn|Sánchez Núñez|2014|p=219}}

Since the late summer, Isabella II had been enjoying her traditional holiday on the coast at [[Lekeitio]], Biscay.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|pp=246–247}} The royal entourage moved to [[San Sebastián]] to hold a meeting with [[Napoleon III]] and [[Eugenia de Montijo]], scheduled for 18 September, but it did not take place, as the French royals did not arrive in time and it was subsequently aborted.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|pp=248–249}}

On that day, a ''[[pronunciamento]]'' took place in [[Cádiz]]. Led by Marshal Prim and the [[Juan Bautista Topete|Admiral Topete]] (himself an unconditional follower of the Duke of Montpensier),{{Sfn|Sánchez Núñez|2014|p=219}} it marked the beginning of the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Glorious Revolution]].<ref name="xl" /> The Democratic Party provided the insurrection with popular support, making it transcend the nature of a simple military statement into an actual revolution.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|p=249}}

Factors for the revolution included the weariness of the moderates alienated by the Crown and the progressives barely having even the chance to rule. Both developed a [[wiktionary:vis-à-vis#English|vis-à-vis]] with the Isabelline monarchy.<ref name="constitulib" /> Other factors were the personal behaviour of the queen, the corruption, the abortion of the possibility of political reform and the economic crisis alienating the [[bourgeoisie]].<ref name="constitulib">{{Cite journal|issue=3|year=2018|issn=2530-4127|page=49|title=Evolución histórica del estado y la consolidación del constitucionalismo liberal español|first=Emna Mylena|last=Quintero Niño|journal=Auctoritas: Revista On-Line de Historiografía en Historia, Derecho e Interculturalidad|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6946520.pdf}}</ref> Historians looking at social roots for the revolution highlight that [[peasant]]ry, [[Petite bourgeoisie|small bourgeoisie]], and the [[proletariat]] formed an alternative to bourgeoisie proper, articulated through the progressive and federal republican forces.<ref>{{Cite journal|volume=44|year=2001|url=http://revistaayer.com/sites/default/files/articulos/44-1-ayer44_SexenioDemocratico_Serrano.pdf|title=La historiografía en torno al Sexenio 1868-1874: entre el fulgor del centenario y el despliegue sobre lo local|first=Rafael|last=Serrano García|page=15|journal=Ayer}}</ref>
[[File:¡A Francia!, de Ortego.jpg|thumb|right|''To France!'', a caricature by [[Francisco Ortego]] depicting the exile of Isabella published in ''Gil Blas'' on 4 October 1868]]
By September 1868 Isabella was a repudiated monarch, and, during the early stages of the revolution, instances of political [[iconoclasm]] carried out by the masses took place, leading to the destruction of many symbols and emblems of the Bourbon dynasty, a ''[[Damnatio memoriae]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Iconoclasia antiborbónica en España el repudio simbólico de Isabel II durante la Revolución de 1868|first=Sergio|last=Sánchez Collantes|journal=Historia Constitucional: Revista Electrónica de Historia Constitucional|issn=1576-4729|issue=20|year=2019|page=25; 29|doi=10.17811/hc.v0i20.593|s2cid=204383086|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7095649.pdf}}</ref>

The defeat of the Isabelline forces commanded by [[Manuel Pavía y Lacy]] by the revolutionary forces led by [[Marshal Serrano]] at the 28 September 1868 [[Battle of Alcolea (1868)|Battle of Alcolea]] led to the definitive demise of Isabella II's 35-year reign. In the light of the news, Isabella and her entourage left San Sebastián and went to exile taking a train to [[Biarritz]] (France) on 30 September.{{Sfn|Vilar García|2012|p=251}} As Isabella entered France after her abdication, her train passed a group of homecoming exiles who taunted her with cries of "Down with the Bourbons!", "Long Live Liberty!" and "Long Live the Republic!".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carmen |first=Ennesch |title=Emigrations politiques, d'hier et d'aujourd'hui |publisher=Editions I.P.C. |year=1946 |location=Paris |pages=161 |language=fr}}</ref>

Prim{{Emdash}}leader of the liberal progressives{{Emdash}}was received in a festive mood by the Madrilenian people at his arrival in the capital in early October. He pronounced his famous speech of the "three nevers" directed against the Bourbons.{{Sfn|Cañas de Pablos|2018|p=212}} At the [[Puerta del Sol]], he gave a highly symbolic hug to Serrano, the leader of the revolutionary forces triumphant in the bridge of Alcolea.{{Sfn|Cañas de Pablos|2018|pp=212-213}}